岩石三轴全应力应变过程中的渗透规律

通过岩石三轴压缩渗透试验,揭示了岩石在全应力应变过程中的渗透规律,发现岩石渗透率一般不是常数,而是随应力应变过程中岩石内部结构演化特征改变,岩石渗透峰值多发生在岩石破坏后的应变软件阶段,因此,防止岩石破坏与控制岩石破坏后变形的进一步发展,对于预防岩层突水事故是同等重要的。     

异常高压气藏储层应力敏感性研究

异常高压气藏开采过程中,由于流体的产出,使储层岩石受力发生改变并使储层岩石发生弹塑性变形;而弹塑性变形反过来又影响到储层的孔隙度和渗透率,因此,研究储层孔隙度和渗透率应力敏感性具有极其重要的意义.本文基于岩石力学的基本理论,推导出异常高压气藏岩石变形规律及变形方程,以此理论推导指导试验,将理论研究与实验规律相结合,在模拟地层条件下,对实际岩心样品进行了储层应力敏感性实验研究.实验研究表明,该方法能精确的描述储层孔隙度和渗透率应力敏感性,实验结果与理论推导结果完全吻合,进一步证明了理论推导的正确.进而探讨了异常高压气藏储层应力敏感性对气藏开发的影响.     

基于温度与压力双重作用的致密储层渗透率定量评价模型

为了建立油气开采过程中,储层渗透率随温度、孔隙压力变化而改变的定量评价模型,假定岩石仅产生弹性变形,根据多孔介质弹性力学理论,推导出岩石孔隙体积和尺寸的应力-应变关系;再应用管流模拟渗流,根据Kozeny-Carman方程得到渗透率随温度、孔隙压力变化的定量计算模型.针对常规渗透率测试存在的问题,改进实验方法,模拟真实储层温度压力条件,开展了岩心力学和渗透率同步实验.研究结果表明,模型计算的渗透率损失与实验测试结果吻和良好.模型适用于裂缝不发育的致密岩石在弹性变形范围内的渗透率定量计算.随着油气采出,孔隙压力下降,导致渗透率减小,而地层温度降低,导致渗透率增大,这两方面对渗透率的影响具有相互抵消的作用.因此,由于温度、孔隙压力变化引起的储层岩石渗透率总体变化很小,一般不超过±2％.     

加压时间对储层岩心渗透率的影响

目前储层应力敏感性研究仅限于有效覆压对渗透率的影响,忽略了加压时间对岩石变形的作用.在高压孔渗仪上用拟三轴岩心夹持器和天然岩心,考察了加压时间对岩石渗透率的影响,提出并计算了单位覆压下渗透率绝对变化速率和相对变化速率.结果表明,岩石变形或渗透率变化与时间有关,渗透率随加压时间的延长而降低.在加压初期渗透率变化幅度较大,随着时间的延长,渗透率变化逐渐变缓;幂函数在总体趋势上能拟合渗透率随时间的变化,其拟合误差在工程应用的合理范围内;基础渗透率大于4.6×10-3 μm2的岩心,渗透率下降主要发生在4 h内;渗透率绝对变化速率随时间的延长而降低;渗透率绝对变化速率和相对变化速率与岩石物性有关,岩心基础渗透率越高,渗透率绝对变化速率越大,相对变化速率越小.渗透率相对变化速率的建立,为储层应力敏感性评价提供了一个新的定量参数.     

致密岩石变形破坏过程中渗透率演化的试验研究

为了研究致岩石在变形破坏过程中的渗透率变化特点,利用自适应全自动岩石三轴试验机对致密脆性的花岗片麻岩进行了不同孔隙压力下的渗透试验．试验结果表明：岩石不同变形阶段的渗流特性明显不同;在孔隙压力不大的情况下,岩石本身的裂隙发育情况与孔隙压力相比,对渗透率占主导作用;环向应变更能体现岩石发生软化屈服破坏的过程,在体现渗透率变化上响应更灵敏．在试验的基础上进一步探讨了应力-应变过程中渗流应力耦合的机理,分析了岩石细观力学性质对屈服破坏前期渗透率“突跳”的影响．     

循环加卸载下岩样变形与强度特征试验

基于在伺服试验机上对不同晶粒大理岩样进行单轴循环加卸载试验,研究了岩石的变形与强度特征.结果表明,岩石材料具有明显的记忆性,岩样循环加卸载过程的外包络线与单调加载的全程应力-应变曲线相吻合,加卸载路径不能完全重复,应力与应变之间不存在一一对应关系,岩样的线性变形并不意味着弹性变形;循环加卸载对岩石力学参数的影响不是很大,其偏差在正常离散范围以内;整个循环加卸载过程中,岩样的杨氏模量及能耗并非常数;弹性阶段加卸载的平均杨氏模量基本一致,能够表征岩石材料的变形特性,且在弹性阶段能耗较少,而在裂隙压密、屈服和破坏阶段耗能较多;软弱岩样在加卸载过程中需要消耗更多的能量.     

温度对岩石渗透率影响的实验研究

对储层粉砂岩、灰岩、变质岩和砾岩渗透率受热变化规律进行了实验研究。并对岩石渗透率在高温作用下发生变化的机理进行了讨论。分析结果表明,岩石在常压条件下经过高温加热处理,其渗透率随温度的升高而呈增大趋势;岩石渗透率发生突变时存在一个阈值温度,组分不同的岩石,其阈值温度也不同,岩石渗透率的提高是由于岩心受热后产生了新的裂缝,裂缝延伸而形成了连通网络结构。     

片状岩石全应力应变压缩过程及力学机制试验研究

为了解片状岩石的全应力应变压缩过程及力学机制,利用RMT-150C岩石力学刚性伺服试验系统,对绿泥石片岩和云母石英片岩进行压缩力学试验.基于试验结果,得到岩石全应力应变压缩过程,提出峰前压密、线弹性、微裂隙稳态扩展和微裂隙不稳态扩展4个变形阶段以及峰后应变软化、残余应力稳定两个变形阶段,分析岩石在各阶段的强度变形特性以及体应变、横向应变和轴向应变之间的关系;详细探讨压缩条件下水对试样物理力学性质的影响规律,重点对比峰值强度、弹性(变形)模量等指标的敏感程度和围压效应;并揭示片状岩石在压缩状态下的破裂模式,将整个破坏过程分为单一剪切破裂、鼓状破裂、Y字形破裂及平行劈裂4种形式.     

凝灰岩破坏全过程渗流演化规律的实验研究

通过对凝灰岩在三轴环境下变参数条件的全应力-应变过程渗透性对比实验,研究了凝灰岩变形、破坏过程中渗透性演化规律,分析了凝灰岩破坏全过程中渗透率与体积应变及围压的关系,得出体积应变与渗透率函数关系.实验结果表明凝灰岩渗透率与应力水平密切相关.当岩样峰值强度之后,内部裂隙进一步扩展、贯通时,才会出现渗透率峰值,渗透率峰值拐点、应力峰值拐点和体积应变拐点很好的对应.该实验结果对于提出岩石破裂过程中更为合理的渗透性演化模型具有重要价值.     

低阶煤煤体变形特征及渗流规律实验研究

为获取低阶煤煤体变形特征和渗透率变化规律,以焦坪矿区下石节煤矿3#煤原样为研究对象,利用煤岩体应力-渗流-温度多过程耦合试验系统开展了有效应力、基质收缩以及二者综合作用条件下的煤体变形和渗流实验.研究结果表明:在有效应力逐渐增加的过程中,煤体体积负应变逐渐增大,煤体收缩,渗透率逐渐减小;基质收缩过程中,随着孔压的逐渐下降,煤体体积负应变逐渐增大,煤体收缩,渗透率逐渐增加;二者综合作用条件下,随着孔压的逐渐下降,煤体体积负应变逐渐增大,煤体收缩,渗透率先减小后增加,通过与等外力条件下的典型渗透率动态变化模型比较,Lu模型与实验数据吻合度更高.实验结果有助于预测煤体渗透率动态变化,更好地指导地面煤层气开发和煤矿瓦斯防治.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

正~~     

An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.