云南祥云县红土坡石棺墓出土铜器的再研究

云南祥云县红土坡石棺墓发掘出土了大量的铜器。这些铜器制作精美,类型丰富,堪称洱海区域青铜文化的典型代表。为进一步研究祥云红土坡石棺墓出土铜器的制作工艺,对20世纪80年代两次发掘祥云红土坡石棺墓所出土各类铜器(包括剑、矛、钺、斧、锄、动物模型、杖首)进行了成分分析,并对其制作工艺进行了初步研究。结果表明,祥云红土坡石棺墓出土的铜器材质主要是红铜或低锡青铜,含锡量很低是该墓葬群出土铜器的一大特点。这些铜器主要用作随葬明器,少数兵器为实用器。个别为铜锡铅三元合金,已经出现了在合金中加铅的技术。其制作工艺以铸造为主,少数器物表面镀锡。这一研究成果,对今后探索洱海区域青铜时代金属技术及其文化面貌具有较为重要的价值。     

Mechanical properties and microstructure of composites produced by recycling metal chips

In this study, the processing and mechanical properties of porous metal matrix composites (MMCs) composed of spheroidal cast iron chips (GGG40) and bronze chips (CuSn10) and formed by hot isostatic pressing were investigated. Bronze chips (CuSn10) were used as a matrix component, and spheroidal cast iron (GGG40) chips were used as a reinforcement component. The MMCs were produced with different CuSn10 contents (90wt%, 80wt%, 70wt%, and 60wt%). The hot isostatic pressing process was performed under three different pressures and temperatures. The produced MMCs were characterized using density tests, Brinell hardness tests, and compression tests. In addition, the consolidation mechanism was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The test results were compared with those for bulk CuSn10 and bulk GGG40. Mechanical tests results revealed that the metallic chips can be recycled by using hot pressing and that the mechanical properties of the produced MMCs were similar to those of bulk CuSn10. XRD and microscopy studies showed that no intermetallic compounds formed between the metallic chips. The results showed that the CuSn10 and GGG40 chips were consolidated by mechanical interlocking.     

干法超微粉碎对苹果渣纤维物性的影响

为了提高苹果渣膳食纤维的利用率,采用气流磨超微粉碎技术,对苹果渣纤维进行干法粉碎,并对处理后不同粒度的苹果渣纤维分别进行物理性质的测定,QLM-80K气流磨对苹果渣纤维素超微粉碎的最小粒度平均为22.2μm。由扫描电镜和X射线衍射图表明,粉碎前后苹果渣纤维的晶区没有因微粉碎的超强作用力而发生改变。经过超微粉碎处理后的苹果渣纤维与粗粉相比:持水力和膨胀力有所减小,休止角和滑角增大为65°和73°,水溶性增加到36.7%。脂肪酸吸附能力、阳离子交换能力和胆汁酸的吸附能力下降。吸附NO2-的能力变化不大,对胆固醇吸附能力增加到24.83 mg/g。结果表明:干法超微粉碎对苹果纤维素的结构发生整体性变化,但聚合物的结晶状态未发生改变。     

切削大变形对材料微结构及硬度的影响

在金属切削过程中,剧烈的大剪切变形可以产生具有超细晶结构的切屑,从而使其获得比本体材料更高的硬度和强度.文中比较了不同的金属和合金在各种刀具前角和切削速度下,切屑上产生的剪应变、切屑的微结构及硬度的变化规律.实验结果显示:随着刀具前角的减小,切屑的微结构显著细化,其硬度随之极大提高;切削速度的减小提高了切屑的硬度,但对其微结构的影响不甚明显;采用负前角刀具在较低的切削速度下能加工出具有超细晶结构和高硬度的切屑材料,而切削速度的提高将使大剪切变形引起的硬度增长变缓.     

切削强烈塑性变形对材料微结构及硬度的影响

金属切削过程中,剧烈的大剪切变形可以产生具有超细晶结构的切屑从而使其获得了比本体材料更高的硬度和强度。本文对比了不同的金属和合金在各种刀具前角和切削速度条件下,切屑上产生的剪应变、切屑的微结构及其硬度的变化规律。实验结果显示随着刀具前角的减小切屑的微结构得到显著细化,其硬度随之得到极大地提高;而切削速度的减小提高了切屑的硬度但其微结构的变化不甚明显;采用负前角刀具在较低的切削速度下能加工出具有超细晶结构和高硬度的切屑材料,而切削速度的提高将使大剪切变形引起的硬度增长减弱。     

稀土对铸造锡青铜ZQSn10－2合金耐蚀性能影响的研究

通过模拟试验与理论分析，探讨了稀土对铸造锡青铜ＺＱＳｎ１０－２合金耐蚀性能的影响及规律，表明当混合稀土金属加入量在０．０３５％时可显著提高合金的耐蚀性能。     

钛合金风扇叶片的数控加工工艺及模拟仿真

为解决钛合金材料加工较困难、工艺上选择数控加工参数难等问题,通过大量试验总结,优选数控加工参数,优化数控编程技术、刀具材料和参数,采用小切削量和高速球铣刀的数控加工方法,最后运用计算机辅助软件进行模拟仿真,其结果达到了零件的加工工艺要求。解决该难题的关键所在是:钛合金材料的特性、曲面造型方法、数控加工工艺、铣削方式等。     

火箭大喷管数控仿形铣槽控制系统

提出利用大型薄壁曲面的外形面作为基面进行计算机控制的数字化补偿的铣槽加工方案,为此设计出一种独特的仿形仪;给出了系统控制原理和参考偏移量的计算公式。     

镗铣加工中心自动编程系统HFAPTI

首先介绍了镗铣加工中心机床具有大容量刀库和加工范围宽广的特点,它最适合于加工复杂的箱体零件,这类零件具有复杂的孔系,它们的加工工艺复杂,如钻、扩、镗、铰、攻丝,大直径的孔要采用特殊的加工方法——行星铣削,另外还有轮廊铣削和切槽等。这类零件的编程十分复杂,手工编程所需时间和加工时间之比为10:1～30:1。文章介绍了HFAPT1提供的便于箱体零件编程的功能,如点群加工、轮廊铣削和行星铣削,以及HFAPT1的软件模块结构和主要模块的功能及其实现。 文章最后指出了自动编程技术的发展趋势和HFAPT1的进一步发展。     

Reduction in secondary dendrite arm spacing in cast eutectic Al-Si piston alloys by cerium addition

The effects of Ce on the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) and mechanical behavior of Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys were investigated. The reduction of SDAS at different Ce concentrations was evaluated in a directional solidification experiment via computer-aided cooling curve thermal analysis (CA CCTA). -The results showed that 0.1wt%-1.0wt% Ce addition resulted in a rapid solidification time, △T_S, and low solidification temperature, △T_S, whereas 0.1wt% Ce resulted in a fast solidification time, △ta-Al, of the α-Al phase. Furthermore, Ce addition refined the SDAS, which was reduced to approximately 36%. The mechanical properties of the alloys with and without Ce were investigated using tensile and hardness tests. The quality index (Q) and ultimate tensile strength of (UTS) Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys significantly improved with the addition of 0.1wt% Ce. Moreover, the base alloy hardness was improved with increasing Ce concentration.     

Hydrogen storage properties of MgH2 co-catalyzed by LaH3 and NbH

To improve the hydrogen storage properties of Mg-based alloys, a composite material of MgH2 + 10wt%LaH3 + 10wt%NbH was prepared by a mechanical milling method. The composite exhibited favorable hydrogen desorption properties, releasing 0.67wt% H2 within 20 min at 548 K, which was ascribed to the co-catalytic effect of LaH3 and NbH upon dehydriding of MgH2. By contrast, pure MgH2, an MgH2 + 20wt%LaH3 composite, and an MgH2 + 20wt%NbH composite only released 0.1wt%, 0.28wt%, and 0.57wt% H2, respectively, un-der the same conditions. Analyses by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy showed that the composite particle size was small. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic mapping demonstrated that La and Nb were distributed homogeneously in the matrix. Differential thermal analysis revealed that the dehydriding peak temperature of the MgH2 + 10wt%LaH3 + 10wt%NbH composite was 595.03 K, which was 94.26 K lower than that of pure MgH2. The introduction of LaH3 and NbH was beneficial to the hydrogen storage performance of MgH2.     

Compound machining of silicon carbide ceramics by high speed end electrical discharge milling and mechanical grinding

A compound process that integrates end electrical discharge (ED) milling and mechanical grinding to machine silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics is developed in this paper. The process employs a turntable with several uniformly-distributed cylindrical copper electrodes and abrasive sticks as the tool, and uses a water-based emulsion as the machining fluid. End electrical discharge milling and mechanical grinding happen alternately and are mutually beneficial, so the process is able to effectively machine a large surface area on SiC ceramic with a good surface quality. The machining principle and characteristics of the technique are introduced. The effects of polarity, pulse duration, pulse interval, open-circuit voltage, discharge current, diamond grit size, emulsion concentration, emulsion flux, milling depth and tool stick number on performance parameters such as the material removal rate, tool wear ratio, and surface roughness have been investigated. In addition, the microstructure of the machined surface under different machining conditions is examined with a scanning electron microscope and an energy dispersive spectrometer. The SiC ceramic was mainly removed by end ED milling during the initial rough machining mode, whereas it is mainly removed by mechanical grinding during the later finer machining mode; moreover, the tool material can transfer to the workpiece surface during the compound process.     

Hydrogen storage properties of MgH_2 co-catalyzed by LaH_3 and NbH

To improve the hydrogen storage properties of Mg-based alloys, a composite material of MgH_2 + 10wt%LaH_3 + 10wt%NbH was prepared by a mechanical milling method. The composite exhibited favorable hydrogen desorption properties, releasing 0.67wt% H2 within 20 min at 548 K, which was ascribed to the co-catalytic effect of LaH_3 and NbH upon dehydriding of MgH_2. By contrast, pure MgH_2, an MgH_2 + 20wt%LaH_3 composite, and an MgH_2 + 20wt%NbH composite only released 0.1wt%, 0.28wt%, and 0.57wt% H2, respectively, under the same conditions. Analyses by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy showed that the composite particle size was small. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic mapping demonstrated that La and Nb were distributed homogeneously in the matrix. Differential thermal analysis revealed that the dehydriding peak temperature of the MgH_2 + 10wt%LaH_3 + 10wt%NbH composite was 595.03 K, which was 94.26 K lower than that of pure MgH_2. The introduction of LaH_3 and NbH was beneficial to the hydrogen storage performance of MgH_2.     

基于Deform 3D的铣削力仿真试验验证研究

铣削力是导致铣削加工件变形及刀具磨损的主要原因,利用有限元软件进行铣削加工模拟仿真是预测切削力变化的重要方法;而任何金属切削仿真软件分析结果都会有一定的局限性,并不能完全的模拟实际加工过程.以铝合金高速铣削加工为研究对象,设计了其铣削方案,借助某经验公式计算并估计主切削力大小,并利用Deform 3D铣削仿真模块进行模拟加工得到铣削力数据,最后通过实际铣削试验验证仿真所得数据的可靠性,为仿真试验结果准确性提供依据.     

碳钢高速车削中基于量热法的切削热分配

介绍了基于量热法的碳钢高速车削切削热在切屑、工件、刀具及环境中的量化分配.采用水作为收集切削热的媒介,通过自行设计的适配于高速车床的集屑容器以及分别收集工件和刀具热量的容器,在封闭式高速车削条件下测得各容器中水和承载物的温度变化,从而计算出传入切屑、工件、刀具及环境中的热量和总热量以及热流量.通过测量切削力和设定切削速度,得到主切削力的功率.将算出的总热流量与主切削力的功率相比较,评判用量热法测量切削热时的精确程度.     

LaNi4.25Al0.75储氢合金的改性

为了提高LaNi4．25Al0．75合金的储氢性能,采用退火、表面镀铜和表面包覆SiO2对合金进行改性,并对处理前、后合金的微观结构和吸放氢性能的变化进行研究。研究结果表明,退火消除了LaNi4．25Al0．75合金中的偏析,减少了内应力,使合金具有平坦的吸氢平台;表面镀铜处理加快了合金的吸、放氢速度,但吸氢含量略有降低,另外,镀铜合金抗粉化性能加强,经10次吸、放氢循环后没有出现粉化现象;表面包覆SiO2前、后,合金的吸氢量变化不大,抗粉化性能加强,经10次吸、放氢循环后没有出现粉化现象。     

Cu-Cr难互溶系机械合金化中氧化控制及介稳相形成

通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、差热（DSC）及金相显微等分析手段，对不同成分配比的Cu-Cr混合粉末在空气及Ar气氛下机械合金化中的相变行为进行了研究。结果表明：在机械合金化过程中，Cu-Cr合金体系中除发生异常过饱和固溶外，还形成了一种非晶形态的氧化物；添中高纯活性炭，对研磨过程中氧化的抑制以及已产生氧化物的消除有明显的影响；还原反应研磨可以对机械合金化过程中的氧化行为进行有效控制。     

铝青铜表面激光熔覆镍基合金温度场的数值模拟

以铝青铜为基材、铜镍合金为熔覆粉末,采用压粉方式实现激光熔覆加工.对此过程建立二维温度场数值模型,考虑温度变化对铝青铜热物理参数的影响以及表面对流换热、内部结晶潜热等因素,用C++语言编写激光熔覆过程中温度场模型的计算程序.结果表明,激光熔覆加工过程中的温度场变化是由非稳态到达稳态的过程,激光光斑附近温度梯度较大,远离光斑处温度梯度较小.由温度场分布图得知,为优化加工质量,满足熔覆要求,试验应采用由高到低的功率进行熔覆.     

钢桥面顶板焊缝处共线双裂纹耦合扩展特性分析

为了研究钢桥面顶板与U肋焊缝处多疲劳裂纹间的耦合扩展效应,结合线弹性断裂力学理论与ABAQUS-FRANC3D交互技术,建立了钢桥面顶板-U肋焊缝处共线双疲劳裂纹的数值分析模型,对比分析了单裂纹和共线双裂纹的裂尖应力强度因子,揭示了裂纹间距、干扰裂纹尺寸对基础裂纹扩展特性的影响规律,并通过足尺节段试验对理论模拟进行了验证. 分析结果表明：共线裂纹相较于单裂纹的应力强化效应不可忽略,而相同尺寸双裂纹代表了多裂纹扩展的最不利情况,且当共线长裂纹的间距与裂纹长度比值s/c小于0.5时,裂纹交互影响因子及其扩展速率受耦合效应影响显著.