图式理论对专业精读口语教学的启示

对于口语教学，图式理论有两点重要的启示：一方面，可通过针对性训练培养学习者在大脑中形成相关语音图式的能力，为后面的话语输出奠定基础；另一方面，应多进行说的练习，训练发音器官，把大脑发出的图式信息内容转换成语音形式。就如何运用图式理论指导口语教学，提出了若干意见：     

结合光学脑成像及机器学习分类算法对自闭症大脑活动特征的研究进展

自闭症的诊断一直以来是基于行为层面的观察。近年来脑成像研究表明，自闭症大脑存在结构及功能的改变，这些发现为基于成像的诊断提供了新的途径。准确的诊断要基于对大脑异常特征的准确描述，多个脑生理参量的成像可以为自闭症的大脑特征提供更全面的信息。在现有的无损脑功能成像中，光学脑成像具有较高的时间及可接受的空间分辨率，测量时对头部晃动相对不敏感，适用于对儿童，特别是自闭症儿童的研究。近红外光谱技术提供皮层的血氧代谢，而漫射相关谱技术测量皮层的血流。这两类参量可以提供互补的皮层血液动力学信息，结合更为高效的分类算法，有望取得对自闭症大脑皮层活动特征的更为准确的描述和区分。在广泛文献调研及结合自身研究成果的基础上，对利用光学脑成像研究自闭症的大脑活动特征；结合特征参量利用机器学习分类算法对自闭症的预测；以及利用多模态光学脑成像技术（即结合近红外光谱及漫射相关谱）研究自闭症的前景等问题做了系统的回顾与展望，希望为自闭症相关领域的科研人员提供参考和借鉴。     

与结构选择性注意相关的早内源性成分

在模拟自阅读模式下，研究了被试选择性注意结构不同字符时的事件相关脑电位，直接提供取出了与选择注意相关的较早内源性成分，并确定了Ｐ３００是代表大脑紧张后的松懈行为。     

中日双语者日文词汇语音通达的脑电研究

双语者大脑中存在母语和第二语言两个心理词典，第二语言的词汇通达是双语研究的热点．实验使用大脑事件相关电位技术，基于语音判断任务考察中日双语者日文词汇语音通达的时间进程及大脑机制．实验材料为以与中文词的关系而定义的3类不同日文词：同形同义词、同形异词义和非中文词．结果表明：在被试通达日文3种不同词型的语音时，在大脑的额叶存在200ms出现的词形竞争和400ms出现的词义竞争．这种竞争反映了大脑额叶在日文词汇通达中的重要作用．     

人类与猕猴大脑的同源脑区研究综述

探索大脑的结构和功能是本世纪最前沿的科学问题。灵长类动物的大脑之间具有较高的相似性,研究结果可以进行物种间的推广。由于对人类大脑进行生物实验受到诸多限制,研究者越来越关注非人灵长类动物大脑研究。通过综述大脑研究中人类和猕猴的同源脑区相关研究的进展情况。收集整理已发表的各类大脑图谱相关文章,筛选出适合人猴大脑同源性研究使用的图谱。对跨物种比较研究中提及的可能具有同源性的脑区进行梳理,根据采用的研究方法进行筛选,总结出25对同源关系较为明确的人类和猕猴大脑同源区域及其标记图谱。有助于研究人员进一步探索大脑工作机制。     

脑神经科学对音乐教育的启示

随着脑科学研究的深入,越来越多的教育者开始关注大脑发展的敏感期和可塑性,以及相关研究成果在音乐教育领域的应用与转化。该文阐述了大脑发育的"机会之窗"与早期教育的重要性,以及大脑发展的"可塑性"与终身教育的意义,并探寻脑科学的研究成果对音乐教育的启示。     

睡眠剥夺对脑认知和脑电复杂性的影响

为研究睡眠对大脑功能的影响，考察了正常睡眠与睡眠剥夺情况下脑认知能力的变化，分析了两种状态下自发脑电和事件相关电位复杂性的差异．通过事件相关电位P300的潜伏期与幅度反映不同状态下的脑认知能力，采用小波熵方法分析其复杂性．实验采用数字脑电图仪记录19导脑电信号，用OB序列诱发视觉事件相关电位．结果发现，睡眠剥夺组的靶刺激反应时间明显增长，而P300幅度显著降低、潜伏期明显增加；小波熵分析结果表明，与正常睡眠组比较，睡眠剥夺组自发脑电的256点小波熵和事件相关电位的32点小波熵均值都显著降低．故得出结论：睡眠剥夺对人的认知和脑电复杂性均产生了负向影响．因此，睡眠对维持大脑的功能具有重要作用．     

沉思可延缓衰老

一项研究结果让科学家都感到惊讶，沉思不仅能使人耳聪目明，还能延缓衰老，永葆青春。在对一些志愿者进行沉思训练的研究中，科学家发现，他们的大脑右半球皮层在深思后出现了明显的不同。这种不同主要体现在大脑皮层中与感觉、听力和视力相关的部位明显增厚，而且是永久性的增厚。尤其神奇的是，沉思使这些人的大脑中与衰老有关的皮层不再像往常那样快速变薄，而且减慢了变薄的速度。     

迄今最高精度的大脑网络地图出炉

一支国际科研小组最近创建出首张完整的大脑网络地图，它的精细程度无与伦比。该图反映了人类大脑皮层中负责高等思维的数百万神经纤维，如何相互连接和“交谈”。更为重要的突破是，研究人员从中确定出了一个大脑单一网络核心（network core），它对于左右脑半球的工作都至关重要。新研究标志着人类在理解自身最复杂和最神秘器官上的一大进步．相关论文发表在6月30日的《科学公共图书馆·生物学》（PLOS Biology）上。     

附录：关于银杏的相关研究

银杏最大的功效是增强大脑的功能、增强记忆、提高注意力、预防老年痴呆症。银杏的这些功能是通过促进大脑血液循环而得到的，而大脑对氧气的缺乏相当敏感。大脑需要持续不断的得到氧气和葡萄糖，而这就需要通过血液循环来实现。强健的血液循环系统在当今显得尤为重要，工作紧张、嗜烟酗酒以及其它因素共同作用钝化了大脑的记忆、警觉等功能。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.