不同蠕变条件下耐热钢焊接件的空洞损伤演化

针对两种马氏体耐热钢焊接接头(F92/Co3W2和Co3W2/Co3W2)在105~250 MPa和873~948 K条件下开展蠕变拉伸测试,利用Larson-Miller参数法外推不同温度下焊接接头服役100 000 h寿命对应的蠕变断裂许用应力,研究其在不同蠕变条件下的空洞损伤规律. 随着外加应力的降低,两种焊件的断裂位置、断裂模式及断裂机制均发生了转变,从位于母材的穿晶塑性断裂变为细晶热影响区的沿晶脆性断裂(即Ⅳ型断裂). 针对断口区域的空洞损伤变化规律的研究表明：(1) 当断裂模式由塑性断裂转变为脆性断裂时,断口附近空洞会出现突变,塑形断口空洞“个头大数量少”而脆性断口空洞“个头小数量多”;(2) 在相同断裂模式下,随蠕变应力的减小,空洞按照“尺寸变大、数量密度增大及面积分数增大”的规律变化;(3) Ⅳ型断口处空洞存在合并链接现象,其方向与应力方向垂直.     

钨钼室温脆性的研究

对不同实验条件下制备的钨和钼的试样作扫描电镜、透射电镜和俄歇电子能谱分析。断口形貌分析表明,在室温下烧结态和再结晶态的断口呈典型的晶间脆性断裂,低形变及再结晶试样为晶间脆断和穿晶解理的混合型断裂,高度形变的试样断口呈纤维状韧性断裂特征,是纤维束撕裂、分层,而后单个纤维出现缩颈、微孔合并所致。在10~(-9)Torr高真空度下对新鲜断口作俄歇电子能谱分析证实,间隙杂质磷、氧和碳是钨的主要晶界杂质,而钾、氧和碳则在掺杂钨的晶界明显富集,可以确认这些在晶界大量富集的杂质是削弱晶界强度,造成钨钼室温脆性的基本原因.文中还分析了晶粒结构和亚结构对室温脆性的影响。     

Ni9铸钢沿晶断裂的研究

观察了Ｎｉ９铸钢的断口形貌，分析研究了沿晶断裂的形成原因，考察了稀土元素对沿晶断裂倾向的影响．结果表明Ｎｉ９铸钢中沿晶断裂的形成主要与杂质元素Ｈ、Ｐ在晶界偏聚有关．添加稀土后，钢的沿晶断裂倾向明显降低，脆性沿晶断裂消失．     

Microstructure heterogeneity and creep damage of DZ125 nickel-based superalloy

The creep behavior of the DZ125 superalloy at high temperatures has been investigated based on the creep properties measurement and microstructure observations. The experimental results show that, after full heat treatment, the fine and coarser cuboidal γ0precipitates distributed in the dendrite arm and inter-dendrite regions, respectively, the boundaries with various configurations located in the inter-dendrite regions. In the primary creep stage, the cuboidal γ0phase in the alloy transformed into the rafted structure along the direction vertical to the stress axis.The dislocations slipping and climbing over the rafted γ0phase are attributed the deformation mechanism of the alloy during steady-state creep.The(1/2)?1 1 0? dislocations slipping in the γ matrix and ?1 1 0? super-dislocations shearing into the γ0phase are the deformation mechanisms of the alloy in the latter stage of creep. And then the alternate slipping of dislocations results in the initiation and propagation of the micro-cracks along the boundaries until the occurrence of the creep fracture. Since the grain boundaries with various angles relative to the stress axis distribute in the different regions, the initiation and propagation of micro-cracks along the boundaries display the various features.& 2014 Chinese Materials Research Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.     

一种[011]取向镍基单晶合金的蠕变断裂

研究了[011]取向的镍基单晶高温合金在750~980℃温度范围和200~680 MPa应力下的蠕变断裂特征。在扫描电镜上对各种实验状态下的蠕变断口和纵向剖面进行了详细观察。研究发现：在低温750℃和中温870℃不同初始蠕变应力条件下,枝晶间区亚晶界处不规则γ＇/γ界面是裂纹主要萌生场所,这些已萌生的裂纹在与外加应力轴垂直的(011)面上沿＜110＞和＜100＞两个方向扩展;980℃不同初始应力条件下,裂纹主要在合金中显微疏松孔洞处萌生,沿与外应力轴垂直的方向扩展。观察750℃和870℃不同应力状态蠕变试样的纵向剖面,对亚晶界区不规则γ＇相面积分数的测量和计算表明,用面积分数表征该合金[011]取向在中低温状态下的蠕变损伤程度是可行的。     

绿片岩的单轴压缩各向异性蠕变试验研究

通过对锦屏二级水电站辅助交通洞的绿片岩单轴压缩蠕变特性试验,研究了轴向荷载方向与层理之间的不同关系对瞬时应变、应力应变关系、轴向应变速率、衰减蠕变持续时间和蠕变破坏机理的影响.研究结果表明:在相同低应力水平下,垂直于层理时的瞬时应变增量大于平行于层理时的瞬时应变增量,而在相同较高应力水平下垂直于层理时的瞬时应变增量小于平行于层理时的瞬时应变增量;同等应力水平条件下,垂直于层理时的轴向应变速率和衰减蠕变持续时间均小于平行于层理时的轴向应变速率和衰减蠕变持续时间.同时,当轴向荷载垂直或者平行于层理时,应力应变关系曲线均出现了压密、弹性变形、裂纹扩展和峰后破坏阶段,且蠕变破坏类型均属于脆性破坏.     

橡胶板式支座锚栓超低周疲劳断裂分析

为研究螺栓球节点橡胶板式支座中锚栓在灾难地震中受弯剪发生超低周疲劳的断裂问题,依国家现行规规范设计并制作了橡胶板式支座模型,采用双向加载法对其进行了大位移超低周疲劳试验,得到了四根锚栓的超低周疲劳破坏形态。并从宏、微观角度对锚栓断口进行了分析。结果表明：在往复荷载下,锚栓发生无明显塑性变形的较突然性断裂,为超低周破坏形态,其断口存在疲劳源区、扩展区和瞬断区等典型的疲劳断裂特征,且不同位置锚栓的受力方向和裂纹起裂时间、扩展速率均不同;同一锚栓断口上韧性断裂与脆性断裂特征并存,但总体均表现为偏脆性断裂。     

In-depth analysis of the fatigue mechanism induced by inclusions for high-strength bearing steels

A numerical study of stress distribution and fatigue behavior in terms of the effect of voids adjacent to inclusions was conducted with finite element modeling simulations under different assumptions. Fatigue mechanisms were also analyzed accordingly. The results showed that the effects of inclusions on fatigue life will distinctly decrease if the mechanical properties are close to those of the steel matrix.For the inclusions, which are tightly bonded with the steel matrix, when the Young's modulus is larger than that of the steel matrix, the stress will concentrate inside the inclusion; otherwise, the stress will concentrate in the steel matrix. If voids exist on the interface between inclusions and the steel matrix, their effects on the fatigue process differ with their positions relative to the inclusions. The void on one side of an inclusion perpendicular to the fatigue loading direction will aggravate the effect of inclusions on fatigue behavior and lead to a sharp stress concentration. The void on the top of inclusion along the fatigue loading direction will accelerate the debonding between the inclusion and steel matrix.     

In-depth analysis of the fatigue mechanism induced by inclusions for high-strength bearing steels

A numerical study of stress distribution and fatigue behavior in terms of the effect of voids adjacent to inclusions was conducted with finite element modeling simulations under different assumptions.Fatigue mechanisms were also analyzed accordingly.The results showed that the effects of inclusions on fatigue life will distinctly decrease if the mechanical properties are close to those of the steel matrix.For the inclusions,which are tightly bonded with the steel matrix,when the Young’s modulus is larger than that of the steel matrix,the stress will concentrate inside the inclusion;otherwise,the stress will concentrate in the steel matrix.If voids exist on the interface between inclusions and the steel matrix,their effects on the fatigue process differ with their positions relative to the inclusions.The void on one side of an inclusion perpendicular to the fatigue loading direction will aggravate the effect of inclusions on fatigue behavior and lead to a sharp stress concentration.The void on the top of inclusion along the fatigue loading direction will accelerate the debonding between the inclusion and steel matrix.     

Deformation and damage behaviors of as-cast TiAl-Nb alloy during creep

By means of creep properties measurement and microstructure observation,the deformation and damage behavior of an as-cast TiAl-Nb alloy during creep at temperature near 750°C were investigated.The results showed that the microstructure of the alloy consisted of lamellarγ/α_2 phase,and the boundaries consisted ofγphase located in between lamellarγ/α_2 phases with different orientations.In the latter stage of creep,the dislocation networks appeared in the interfaces of lamellarγ/α_2 phases due to the coarsening of them,which made the coherent interface transforming into the semi-coherent one for reducing its adhesive strength.The deformation mechanism of the alloy during creep was twinning and dislocations slipping within lamellarγ/α_2 phases.In the later period of creep,significant amount of dislocations plied up in the interfaces of lamellarγ/α_2 phases,which may cause the stress concentration to promote the initiation and propagation of the cracks along the lamellarγ/α_2interfaces perpendicular to the stress axis.Wherein,some cracks on the various cross-sections were connected by tearing edge along the direction of maximum shear stress,up to the creep fracture,which is considered to be the damage and fracture mechanism of alloy during creep at 750°C.     

Role of Mg on Structure and Mechanical Properties in Alloy 718

The role of Mg in alloy/718 has been systematically investigated. Mg raises not only high temperature tensile and stress-rupture ductilities but also increases considerably smooth and notch stress-rupture life. Mg containing alloy 718M is free of stress-rupture notch sensitivity. Mg improves creep and fatigue interaction properties (LCF or cyclic stress rupture) at any grain size. The basic role of Mg is equilibrium segregation at grain boundaries which helps to change continuous grain beundary (5-Ni3Nb morphology to discrete globular form which has a retardation effect on intergranular fracture. Mg promotes the change from intergranular to transgranular fracture mode.     

Coexisting brittle-ductile fracturing mechanisms in fault zones of the upper crust level

Microstructural and sub-microstructural studies are conducted on calcite marble taken from the Autseib fault zone, Damara region, Namibia, SW Africa. The characteristic microstructural styles of rocks deformed in the upper crust are analyzed, including mainly the two microstructural contrasts in the tectonites: (i) coarse grains (centimeter scale) in primary rocks and in deformed clasts and extremely fine grains (micron scale) in the matrix; and (ii) macroscopic cataclastic (brittle) and microscopic mylonitic (ductile) textures. The coexistence of the macroscopic brittle and microscopic ductile textures is better explained by deformation through a comprehensive association of intragranular twinning and kinking, intraand intergranular ductile fracturing, and pressure solution along grain boundaries. Ductile fracturing, i.e. fracturing triggered and accommodated by twinning and fluid-enhanced dislocation creep and dynamic recrystallization, is among the most important mechanisms of rock deformation in the shallow crust, while grain size reduction and dynamic recrystallization are primarily nucleated and distributed due to the incoherencies along some boundaries, e.g. kink band boundaries, fractures and grain boundaries in the deformed grains.     

往复荷载下钢管与螺栓球组配试件超低周疲劳断裂试验研究

为探索螺栓球网格结构强震下的破坏特征,对五个螺栓球节点管球组配试件进行了轴向往复荷载作用下的超低周疲劳断裂试验研究。通过电镜扫描观察试件超低周疲劳破坏的裂纹萌生、扩展、断裂、断口形态,并分析了裂纹萌生原因、断裂机理。结果表明:当承受拉-压循环荷载时,试件均经历失稳弯曲、在杆件中点附近局部凹陷、在凹陷处表面萌生裂纹、进一步开裂、最后发生低周疲劳断裂的过程;其断口形状为椭圆,有明显塑性变形,为韧性断裂,疲劳寿命均很短。当试件承受较大压幅值的循环荷载时,试件首先失稳弯曲,然后在杆件中点附近局部凹陷,继而在凹陷处表面萌生裂纹,但同时因节点中高强螺栓承受弯剪作用,在螺栓牙底应力集中位置,也多处同时萌生裂纹并迅速发展,最后导致高强螺栓先于杆件局部凹陷处发生疲劳断裂;其断口表面光滑平整,没有明显塑性变形,疲劳寿命只有18次。     

Hydrogen effect on the mechanical behaviour and microstructural features of a Fe-Mn-C twinning induced plasticity steel

The influences of hydrogen on the mechanical properties and the fracture behaviour of Fe-22Mn-0.6C twinning induced plasticity steel have been investigated by slow strain rate tests and fractographic analysis.The steel showed high susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement,which led to 62.9%and 74.2%reduction in engineering strain with 3.1 and 14.4 ppm diffusive hydrogen,respectively.The fracture surfaces revealed a transition from ductile to brittle dominated fracture modes with the rising hydrogen contents.The underlying deformation and fracture mechanisms were further exploited by examining the hydrogen effects on the dislocation substructure,stacking fault probability,and twinning behaviour in pre-strained slow strain rate test specimens and notched tensile specimens using coupled electron channelling contrast imaging and electron backscatter diffraction techniques.The results reveal that the addition of hydrogen promotes planar dislocation structures,earlier nucleation of stacking faults,and deformation twinning within those grains which have tensile axis orientations close to<111>//rolling direction and<112>//rolling direction.The developed twin lamellae result in strain localization and micro-voids at grain boundaries and eventually lead to grain boundary decohesion.     

1150初轧机万向接轴扁头断裂分析

本文通过对初轧机万向接轴材质35 CrMOV钢K_(IC)和K_(Id)值的实测,计算了扁头裂纹尖端的应力场强度因子,应用断裂K判据,分析扁头脆断的原因.结果表明,由于初轧机上轧辊在强烈扭振和冲击载荷作用下,导致了扁头的断裂.     

基于矩张量分析的花岗岩破裂声发射特征试验

基于声发射定位技术和矩张量分析方法,对在单轴加载条件下岩石破裂过程中的裂纹破裂机制及时空分布特征进行试验研究.借助CAD软件展示不同破裂机制的声发射事件,直观反映裂纹破裂类型.研究结果表明:单轴压缩加载试验中,花岗岩试样破裂以剪破坏为主,但岩石微裂纹的破裂类型所占比例并不固定,岩石内部微裂纹破裂类型与岩石材料的力学环境有关;花岗岩作为一种脆性岩石,破裂不符合格里菲斯强度准则认为的脆性材料都是拉伸破坏的基本观点,证明格里菲斯强度准则对于均质度不高的脆性岩石的适用性有一定的局限;花岗岩单轴压缩试验中,试样的破坏类型与其应力水平没有关系,3种类型的声发射事件随应力增大的变化趋势相似.     

应力比对WC-Co硬质合金疲劳性能的影响

采用三点弯曲疲劳法,研究了不同粘结相含量以及粘结相成分的硬质合金在两种不同应力比(R=0.1和R=0.5)加载时的疲劳行为,并结合SEM对疲劳机理进行了分析.结果表明:硬质合金疲劳断裂过程同时存在脆性断裂和韧性断裂.在两种应力比疲劳加载时都发现,增加钴含量,合金的疲劳敏感性先减小后增大,添加Ni和Cr能降低合金的疲劳敏感性.大应力比疲劳加载时,粘结相疲劳断裂过程由脆性断裂向韧性断裂转变.增大应力比对合金的疲劳敏感性也有影响.     

缺口滚压后组织强化的分离与模拟

采用了薄板轨制工艺,将薄板在不同的轨制力下轧制,从而使残余应力趋于零,对获得不同压下量且仅有组织变化的试样,分离了残余应力和组织强化的作用,通过不同变形量和滚压试样硬度和晶粒度对比,可模拟滚压分层组织,为单独研究组织强化对疲劳性能的作用提供了条件．     

LT1350涂层线涂布钢辊疲劳断裂失效机理分析

涂布钢辊在工作中同时承受弯矩、扭矩的作用。钢辊的辊轴零件在较小的交变载荷作用下,过早发生了疲劳断裂失效,其断裂类型为脆性断裂。疲劳断裂的发生是多个因素联合作用的结果,主要因素有：交变循环应力;轴径变化引起轴根部的应力集中;因熔化焊接工艺引起的钢辊焊接头区域微观组织改变;焊缝区的焊接缺陷;焊后表面质量,等。这些因素导致焊缝区及零件表面的缺陷成为疲劳微裂纹萌生的起源,而焊接残余应力的存在使平均应力增大,使焊缝缺陷加快扩展到相邻的轴体内部,导致辊轴过早发生疲劳断裂失效。