Simulation of wind gust structure in the atmospheric boundary layer with Lattice Boltzmann Method

Cold fronts occur in northern East Asia during winter and spring.After cold frontal passage,airflow is downward and accompa-nying strong winds fluctuate significantly;this is termed wind gusts.Analysis of observation data shows that wind gust structure has coherent characteristics.This is important for entrainment of spring dust storms into the upper boundary layer,where they are transported great distances.The Lattice Boltzmann Method(LBM) is a computational fluid technique based on the Boltzmann transport equation.The LBM has been used to study complex motion such as turbulence,because it describes motion at the micro level.In this paper,Large eddy simulation is introduced in the LBM,enabling simulation of turbulent flow in the atmospheric boundary layer.The formation and development of wind gusts are simulated,and a coherent structure with a combination of wave and vortex is obtained.This explains the mechanism of soil erosion and sand entrainment by the coherent structure of wind gusts.     

Stochastic method to determine the scale and anomalous diffusion of gusts in a windy atmospheric boundary layer

In the atmospheric boundary layer, especially during strong wind period, the coherent structures are obvious and related to the direct interaction of the air masses with the ground. In this paper, we used the observation data during dust weather in Northwest Gansu to study the coherent structure and their ＂anomalous diffusion＂. The structures in the atmospheric boundary layer included turbulent fluctuations and gusty wind disturbances, and could be denoted as ＂critical events＂. Their fractal dimensions were expressed by the complex index μ of waiting times. Although the complex index can indicate the ability of the system to generate coherent structures, it has a strong dependence on the threshold marking the ＂critical events＂. Hence, the continuous time random walk method was used to analyze the coherent structures. The scaling law of anomalous diffusion of coherent structures was obtained, and the diffusion scaling exponent H that indicated the ability of diffusion of different structures was analyzed. The exponents changed with structure scales which were affected by velocities and heights. At small scales, it was almost isotropic, and at large scales, the coherent structures were obvious and the diffusion was anomalous.     

The trend of sand flux and the meteorology elements changes in the near-surface layer of Tengger desert in the spring of 2006

Dust storm events, especially those associated with strong winds, are immediately dangerous, and have long-term harmful effects. During a dust storm event, dust in the near-surface atmospheric layer decreases visibility, and changes local meteorological parameters. In this paper, we analyzed levels of near-surface turbulence during and outside a dust storm event and found differences in the degree of turbulence, with wind speed increasing and amounts of windblown sand greatly increasing air turbulence during the dust storms compared with the corresponding values on a sunny day. In addition, the wind profile during the dust storm deviated from the normal profile and became more complex. In the near-surface atmospheric layer, sand and dust flux during the dust storm also differed from those on a sunny day.     

The leading correlation of the winter Aleutian Low with surface air temperature during the subsequent summer over the Arctic and its possible mechanism

The variations of surface air temperature(SAT)over the Arctic are closely related to global climate change.Based on reanalysis datasets and a newly defined Aleutian Low intensity index,we found a good correlation between intensity of winter Aleutian Low and the SAT over the Arctic during the subsequent summer.Explanations were given using correlation analysis,composite analysis,and singular value decomposition methods.When intensity of winter Aleutian Low was weaker,sea surface temperature appeared higher in the North Pacific in the subsequent spring and summer,resulting in mean meridional circulation anomalies and 500 hPa geopotential height anomalies in spring and summer.Anomalous upward motion in mid-latitudes and downward motion in high latitudes(Ferrel cell weakening)transported the warmer air to the north from lower layer to the upper layer followed by increases in the SAT over the Arctic.Anomalous downward motion over about 75°N also caused consequent adiabatic warming and contributed to inhibit the heat transportation from surface to upper layer.Negative 500 hPa geopotential height anomalies existed in mid-latitudes and positive anomalies existed in high latitudes.The pattern(low-in-south and high-in-north)benefited from increasing the inflow volume flux of the Bering Strait,which also made the SAT over the Arctic increase.The results of this study reveal the process that the summer SAT over the Arctic was modulated by interannual variability of intensity of winter Aleutian Low.     

Numerical Analysis for Temperature Characteristics of Open Boundary Crushed-rock Embankment on Qinghai-Tibet Railway

At present, in order to protect the stability of permafrost beneath embankment, the crushed-rock embankment, as a new type of embankment structure, has widely been used in the construction of Qinghai- Tibet Railway. Its crushed-rock layer is almost open in tow bilateral boundaries and closed at top and bottom, and air can flow into/out of the ballast layer and crushed-rock layer. Therefore, the convection and transfer heat patterns are very complicated in the ballast layer and crushed-rock layer of the embankment, which are regarded as porous media. In this paper, based on the wind, temperature and geology conditions of Qinghai- Tibet Plateau, a numerical approach of the unsteady two-dimensional continuity, momentum （non-Darcy flow） and energy equations of heat convection for incompressible fluid in porous media is provide to analyse the velocity and temperature characteristics of the crushed-rock embankment with different embankment heights under open boundary condition for the coming 50 years. The calculated results indicate that, due to the influence of the external wind, the convective heat transfer mainly relies on the forced convection in the open crushed-rock emban kment. Even if the air temperature will be wanned up by 2.6℃ in the coming 50 years, it still has a better cooling effect on the underlying soils and a low temperature frozen-soil core is formed in the permafrost below it if the embankment is constructed in the regions whose present mean annual air temperature is - 4.0℃. Furthermore, the cooling effect of high crushed-rock embankment is better than that of low embankment. This results from the fact that the wider bottom of high emban kment has a more influence dimension on the underlying frozen soil. However, cardinal winds on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau disturb its convection pattern, so that an asymmetric temperature distribution occurs under high embankment and it is possible to induce a transverse uneven deformation of emban kment, but no similar situation occurs under low embankment. This asymmetric temperature field problem should be considered when crushed-rock emban kment is designed and constructed.     

Case study of longwave contribution to dust radiative effects over East Asia

In order to evaluate the impacts of LW contribution to aerosol radiative effects over East Asia,a dust longwave radiative parameterization scheme is integrated into the online mesoscale dust forecasting model GRAPES_CUACE/dust.A case modeling study shows that about half at surface and one third at TOA of the dust negative shortwave radiative forcing are cancelled by its positive longwave forcing over the dust affected area.In the dust layer,longwave radiation emitting by dust cools the atmosphere,which counteracts about 17%of shortwave heating of atmosphere during daytime and results in cooling of atmosphere simply during nighttime.At the same time,the atmosphere beyond the dust layer is warmed because of absorbing the LW radiation emitted by dust layer.Dust longwave contribution exerts more evident impact on the air temperature in lower atmosphere and surface.The surface air temperature cooling rate resulting from the dust solar radiation is cancelled about 40%by dust longwave warming at daytime.At nighttime,dust longwave contribution warms land and sea surface.The online calculation of dust LW radiation reduces about 15%relative errors of predicted AOD based on the dust model with only SW radiative feedback.This case study result suggests that dust longwave contribution has important impacts on the earth-atmosphere energy process,especially on the surface and in the lower atmosphere and should not be neglected in the study of dust radiation effects.     

Oxide coating mechanism during fluidized bed reduction: solid-state reaction characteristics between iron ore particles and MgO

Experiments on the solid-state reaction between iron ore particles and MgO were performed to investigate the coating mechanism of MgO on the iron ore particles’ surface during fluidized bed reduction. MgO powders and iron ore particles were mixed and compressed into briquettes and, subsequently, roasted at different temperatures and for different time periods. A Mg-containing layer was observed on the outer edge of the iron ore particles when the roasting temperature was greater than 1173 K. The concentration of Fe in the Mg-containing layer was evenly distributed and was approximately 10wt%, regardless of the temperature change. Boundary layers of Mg and Fe were observed outside of the iron ore particles. The change in concentration of Fe in the boundary layers was simulated using a gas–solid diffusion model, and the diffusion coefficients of Fe and Mg in these layers at different temperatures were calculated. The diffusion activation energies of Fe and Mg in the boundary layers in these experiments were evaluated to be approximately 176 and 172 kJ/mol, respectively.     

DEM/CFD modelling of the deposition of dilute granular systems in a vertical container

Deposition of granular materials into a container is a general industrial packing process. In this study, the deposition behaviour of dilute granular mixtures consisting of two types of particles that were of the same particle size but different particle densities in the presence of air was numerically analyzed using a coupled discrete element method （DEM） and computational fluid dynamics （CFD）. Bilayer granular mixtures with light particles at bottom and heavy particles at top were first simulated. It was found that the presence of air significantly affected the flow behaviour of the bilayer mixtures. For the system with a relatively low initial void fraction, the air entrapped inside the container escaped through the dilated zones induced due to the friction between the powder bed and wall surfaces. The escaping air streams entrained light particles that were originally located at the bottom of the granular system. Consequently, these light particles were migrated to the top of the granular bed at the end of deposition process. More light particles were migrated when the deposition distance was increased. For the system with a high initial void fraction, some light particles penetrated into the top layer of heavy particles and created a mixing zone. Deposition of random mixtures with different initial void fractions was also investigated and the influence of initial void fraction on the segregation behaviour was explored as well. It was found that the increase of void fraction promoted segregation during the deposition in air. It was demonstrated that, for granular mixtures consisting of particles of different air sensitivities, the presence of air had a significant impact on the mixing and segregation behaviour during the deposition.     

Dust-cloud structures behind a shock wave moving over a deposited layer of fine particles

The present paper investigates dispersed-phase flow structures of a dust cloud induced by a normal shock wave moving at a constant speed over a flat surface deposited with fine particles. In the shock-fitted coordinates, the general equations of dusty-gas boundary layer flows are formulated within the framework of a multi-fluid model and parametric numerical studies of the carrier- and dispersed-phase flow fields are performed. The problem associated with crossing particle trajectories and the formation of local particle accumulation regions are solved by using the full Lagrangian method for the dispersed phase. The basic features of the near-wall two-phase flow under consideration including the role of Saffman force in the particle entrainment and the development of discontinuities or singularities in the particle density profiles are discussed. The effects associated with account of the non-uniformity of particle size and the finiteness of the particle Knudsen numbers are studied in detail.     

Dust storms and loess accumulation on the Tibetan Plateau：A case study of dust event on 4 March 2003 in Lhasa

Whether the Tibetan Plateau is a significant dust source area is of great importance, because this is related to the understanding of sources, accumulation and environmental effects of dusts on the Tibetan Plateau and inthe Far East-Pacific Ocean regions as well as to the evointion of coupling of the Tibetan Plateau and atmaspbere-oeean-continent exchange. Synoptic dynamics and remote sensing tracing of a dust storm on 3 to 5 March, 2003 in Lhasa onSouth Tibet demonstrate that the Tibetan Plateau possessesall factors and conditions of generating dust storms. Accompanied with this dust storm is a strong ascending stream onthe Plateau which has raised various sizes of durst particlesinto different levels. The lifted coarse particles were largelyfallen down and accumulated as loess on the eastern TibetanPlateau, and the fine particles were translated by the westerly jet and subsided in the northern Pacific Ocean. The spa-tial-temporal distribution of dust-storms between years 1961and 2000 ou the Plateau shows that duststorms mainly occurin winter and early spring with high frequency, and tile pathof dust storm moves gradually from south to north, which isclosely coupled with the northward moving of the westerlyjet from winter to spring over the Tibetan Plateau. Com-pared with other twelve dust source areas in China. the Ti-betan Plateau is one of the key dust souree areas for thelong-distance transport because its high occurring frequencyand elevation cause fine particles easily to be lifted into thezone of the westerly jet.     

水轮机通流部件表面磨损波纹与湍流边界层中的不稳定波

应用小扰动理论对近壁湍流粘性子层中的流动进行了稳定性分析，通过讨论其与湍流核心区相于结构的关系，提出一个简化的湍流相干结构模式即小扰动作用下近似连续分布的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ－Ｈｅｌｍｈｏｌｔｚ涡层的不稳定波状运动结构；运用此模式简要分析了稀疏颗粒在湍流边界层中的运动。结果表明，相干结构对颗粒的运动及磨损波纹的形成起了支配性的作用。     

湍流相干结构与壁压强脉动关联的小波分析

在风洞中同时测量平板湍流边界层的速度和壁面脉动压强,用小波分析法结合能量最大判别准则确定湍流边界层相干结构的时间尺度和壁压强脉动的时间尺度之间的关系．结果表明：压强脉动信号的小波能谱最大值对应的时间尺度与湍流边界层相干结构的特征尺度接近,可以利用壁面压强脉动信号的分析结果间接反映经过边界层的相干结构的时间特征．本研究选择复数Morlet小波作为小波母函数,有较好的分辨率．     

典型城市大气颗粒物无机组分源解析

采用CMB 8.2受体模型对吉林省4个典型城市大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)进行了无机组分源解析研究.共选取了10个采样点,在采暖期和非采暖期采集了环境空气中的总悬浮颗粒物及各类污染源样品156个.研究结果表明,吉林市和白城市对TSP影响较大的是土壤风沙尘;通化市大气主要污染源为道路尘;而四平市的扬尘对TSP的影响较大.研究结果有利于制定大气污染防治规划,对于治理大气环境、改善空气质量具有指导意义.     

北京市秋季大气边界层结构与特征分析

利用2000年9—10月北京市西部城、郊3个站点的探空资料,分析该地区秋季边界层高度的平均变化规律,探讨边界层内温度、风向、风速的廓线性质和结构特征,了解其时空变化和差异。结果表明,北京市秋季白天边界层最大高度平均约1km,夜间稳定层高度在200～400m之间。晴朗天气里,白天城区边界层温度高于郊区,反映出城市热岛的作用,夜间热岛现象不明显。较低的边界层高度和其顶部经常维持的强稳定层(强逆位温层)阻断上下层流动的关联,有利于近地面大气维持静稳状态和该季节雾、霾天气的出现。夜间约400m以下气层的流动大体分为3种形态,即整层小风型、低空急流型和贴地风速极大型。温度层结与夜间流动结构有密切对应关系。     

高压静电除尘器中的离子风与除尘

离子风使得高压静电除尘器中粒子的运动更加复杂.它对高压静电除尘器中微细颗粒的捕集有很大的影响.在2个多世纪中,国内外的学者对离子风进行了大量的理论和实验上的探索和研究,并取得了一定的成果.本文回顾与总结了诸多学者进行的离子风与除尘的相关研究,并提出了建议:在进行除尘器内部流场研究时,应该针对三维空间进行;考虑除尘空间中离子电荷和颗粒电荷对流场分析的影响.为以后离子风的研究工作提供了一定的理论依据。     

复杂多连体大跨度结构的风压与等效静风荷载模拟和分析

以上海世博会后的世博博物馆"欢庆之云"复杂形体大跨度新建工程为背景对象,运用数值模拟方法,研究在不同风向角来风且存在周边建筑风场干扰的情形下,表面曲率多变的多连体大跨空间建筑结构的表面风压、阵风系数和等效静风荷载.对风压云图和分区域风压系数进行了分析,并基于峰值因子法求解阵风系数,进而提出了考虑最不利风向角的等效静风荷载.     

滇西南一次超级单体持续降雹过程分析

利用多普勒天气雷达3830/CC和分辨率为1°×1°的NCEP再分析资料,对一次南支槽影响滇西南超级单体雹暴过程进行分析.结果表明：2 h以上深厚持久中气旋、低层辐合高层辐散和和风速随高度增加等中尺度径向风场结构利于低层暖湿空气辐合进入云体和倾斜旋转上升,形成低层弱回波区(Weak Echo Region,WER)、钩状回波和中高层回波悬垂,北侧冷平流入侵形成“V”型槽口,保障超级单体雹暴持续4 h以上,冰雹粒子强烈散射作用形成旁瓣回波.径向风辐合增强并扩展至8 km高度,回波强度、顶高、50 dBz回波高度、-20℃层回波强度、垂直累积液态水含量(Vertically Integrated Liquid, VIL)等参量波动增大,尤其中气旋非常利于超级单体发展和冰雹粒子生长,在中气旋到达强盛阶段(旋转速度≥10 m·s^-1)26 min内5个特征参量先后出现最大值.南支槽前中层西南气流的汇合提供水汽条件,中低层强垂直风切变提供抬升动力条件,近地层中尺度辐合线创造对流触发条件,低层温湿度锋区提供对流不稳定,而上冷下暖及低层湿度适中、中层高湿、高层干的垂直结构加剧对...