近300年来岱海流域气候干湿变化与人类活动的湖泊响应

根据岱海60cm柱状岩芯的磁化率、孢粉、粒度等环境指标的分析结果,对历史时期岱海气候干湿变化和人类活动的湖泊记录进行探讨,岱海湖泊沉积记录近300年来的气候干湿变化可划分七个阶段,与历史记载有较好的一致性;频率磁化率高值段对应气候偏湿阶段,低值对应气候偏干阶段,人类活动特别是人口增加和土地开垦,加剧流域水土流失,导致湖泊沉积物中细颗粒组分增加,频率磁化率升高;孢粉Ulmus的变化受流域人口增加的影响。频率磁化率和孢粉是反映岱海历史时期干湿变化和人类活动的重要环境指标。     

近50年我国北方地区旱涝的时空变化

利用我国北方 12个测站 195 1— 1999年 4— 9月的降水量资料 ,用Z指数变换计算旱涝等级 ,据此讨论北方地区 (35°～ 4 1°N)近 5 0a旱涝的时空变化 .结果表明 ,大体以 90°E和 10 5°E为界可将北方分 3个区域 .东部地区近 5 0a来干旱化趋势比较明显 ,特别在 2 0世纪 80年代中期以来 ,干旱次数异常增多 ;而西部则相反 ;中部呈现过渡特征 .我国北方地区旱涝的时空变化存在从西部向中部、东部逐渐转移的特点 ,每一阶段的旱 (涝 )从西部地区转移到东部地区大约需要十几年 .据此推测北方东部地区在 2 1世纪的头 10a将会出现偏涝的气候特点 .     

季风边缘区封闭湖泊近40a来的水位变化分析--以青海湖、岱海为例

利用40 a来的数据资料研究揭示了青海湖、岱海的水位变化及其机制.结果表明:青海湖水位变化主要受气候因素影响,如果未来气候保持现在的状态,湖泊的面积将在2035年前后下降至0.392 5 km2后保持相对稳定;岱海水位变化受人类活动的影响,人类活动的强烈干预改变了湖泊的演化方向,如果将人类活动耗水量还原到湖泊中,岱海水位将逐步上升、湖泊面积逐渐扩大,并在水位1.226 5 km、面积175 km2上稳定维持至2030年左右.     

川中丘陵区耕地变化及其驱动力研究——以四川省盐亭县为例

以四川省盐亭县为例,分析了川中丘陵地区近50年来耕地变化的基本特征.根据土地利用政策变化,将该区近50年来的耕地变化划分为两个时段(1950-1980年和1981-2001年).分别从第一时段和第二时段中选取9个影响耕地变化指标因子的22年和10年数据作为样本数据,通过主成分分析进行驱动力判定,并建立相应的驱动力多元回归模型.用黑箱方法计算两个时段人类活动对耕地面积变化贡献率的差异.结果显示,川中丘陵地区耕地变化是自然因素、社会因素和经济因素综合作用的产物.一方面,近50年来该区主要粮食作物的单产与耕地面积变化有较大的正相关;另一方面,随着生产力水平的提高和其他因素的影响,人类活动对耕地变化的贡献率不断增大,耕地变化影响因子的作用也存在明显的时间差异.在第一时段(1950-1980年)该区人均粮食占有量与气候条件对耕地面积变化的影响作用较大,而在第二个时段(1981-2001年)农民人均纯收入的影响作用较大,气候条件的作用依然明显,但在程度上比第一个时段略有下降.     

武汉市旅游舒适度评价及客流量预测方法研究

利用近30 a气候资料,对武汉市旅游气候舒适性进行了评价,划分了旅游活动的适宜性等级和时段分布;结合近5 a旅游客流量的年内变化,计算了客流量月指数并划分了旅游活动的淡旺季;在对气候舒适度与若干虚拟因子数值化的基础上,采用OLS方法建立了客流量月指数与气候舒适度关系,结果显示：旅游景点的客流量与气候舒适度密切相关,综合考虑武汉市最佳旅游时间应为每年的4月、5月及10月.此外客流量还受到假期(如暑期、“十一”黄金周及春节)的影响;气候舒适度指数每变化一个单位,客流量月指数变化(增加或减少)1.016%,该模型能基本反映气候舒适指数与客流量月指数变化的关系.本项研究能为武汉市客流量年内变化预测、旅游开发等提供科学依据.     

近30年岱海湖泊面积动态变化及其驱动力分析

以干旱-半干旱过渡区的岱海湖泊为研究对象,选取1989-2018年中6期美国Landsat系列卫星遥感影像数据,使用面向对象多尺度分析方法分割岱海流域湖面面积和对不同土地利用类型进行提取分析,探讨其近30a内湖泊面积变化过程及机制。结果表明:岱海湖面面积从1989年的115.36km~2萎缩到2018年的53.00km~2,萎缩了62.36km~2,以2.15km~2/a的速度迅速减小。由相关性分析可知:岱海湖面面积萎缩主要受建设用地、未利用土地和人工林地等面积变化的影响,这些土地利用类型的面积受人类活动影响较大。由主成分分析可知,引起岱海湖面面积萎缩的第一主成分贡献率为55.533%,主要为GDP、工业总产值等社会因子;第二主成分贡献率为22.884%,主要为日照时数、降水量等自然因子。由此可知岱海湖面面积萎缩主要受人类社会生产生活影响较大,其次为自然因素的影响。     

1961~2005年南宁灾害性天气气候事件的变化

利用1961～2005年南宁市最高、最低和平均温度资料,分析近50a来南宁市的气温变化特征,通过气候变暖前后灾害性天气气候事件的对比,分析南宁市灾害性天气气候事件的变化规律。结果表明,1961～2005年南宁市年平均气温增温趋势明显,温度变率为0．3C／10a,各季节平均气温均呈上升趋势,秋季增温最明显,冬季次之,夏季位居第三,春季增温最小。年平均最高气温呈较弱的增暖,变率为0．13C／10a,而年平均最低气温的增暖趋势比年平均最高气温明显,为0．36C／10a。年平均日校差的变化则呈递减的趋势,变率为-0．23C／10a。在全球气候增暖和城市化快速发展的过程中,南宁市的灾害性天气气候事件发生了明显的变化：极端强降水有增加趋势,高温天气明显增多,持续高温天气加剧,雷暴和大风日数明显减少,春季低温阴雨天气减少。南宁市灾害性天气气候事件变化的原因可能与全球气候变暖有关,城市化可能是造成南宁市灾害性天气气候事件变化的主要原因。     

1470年～2000年长江中下游夏半年干湿变化的频谱分析

以长江中下游地区8个代表性站点1470年～2000年的旱涝等级资料和1951年～2000年5～9月的器测降水量数据为基础,采用EOF、滑动t检验、小波分析等统计技术,对1470年～2000年长江中下游地区干湿演变的时空特征进行了分析.结果表明:(1)旱涝等级资料能够准确表达该区域干湿演变的时空特征;(2)前3个主要模态——全区一致、东西相反、南北相反,基本上反映了该区域干湿变化的主要特征,其中第一模态解释了42.3%的方差;(3)在30年的时间尺度上,区域干湿突变均出现在1850s以前,1550s、1740s,1820s,1837s由干转湿,1620s、1520s和1850s由湿转干,近50a是过去500a中年际气候变率最大的时段;(4)干湿演变的主要周期是117a、40a、30a、18a、5a和2～3a,除了18年和2～3a的周期震荡强弱变化不明显外,其余的周期信号强弱均在18世纪温暖时段前后出现了明显变化.这也意味着,19世纪的寒冷时段并非是17世纪寒冷时段的循环再现,这两个寒冷时段存在着一定的差异.     

变化环境背景下连州市降雨变化特征分析

研究降雨在变化环境下的变化特征,对掌握区域气候变化背景及充分利用降雨等自然资源具有重要意义。论文基于广东省连州市1966～2015年降雨序列,采用Mann-Kendall突变检验法、滑动F、滑动秩和等综合分析序列的突变年,并以突变年为分界点提取变化环境下的降雨序列,采用气候倾向率、滑动平均和Mann-Kendall等分析变化环境下的降雨序列趋势特征,最后利用Morlet小波分析方法对变化环境下降雨序列的周期特征进行分析。结果表明:年降雨量序列于1992年发生突变,年降雨日数序列则于1984发生突变;变化环境下年降雨量总体呈现上升的趋势,每10 a上升幅度为54.96 mm,且趋势显著,而年降雨日数则相对稳定;受环境变化的影响,年降雨量序列存在6 a的主周期,而年降雨日数序列主周期则比较长,第一主周期长达30 a。     

盘龙河流域近45年气温和降水变化特征分析

应用线性趋势法、方差分析和M-K检验法就盘龙河流域1961-2005年的气温和降水进行了变化趋势、年际和年代际变化及突变特征分析.结果表明:该流域近45 a来年均温呈上升趋势,与其他季节相比,冬季增温趋势显著,幅度最大,气温倾向率为0.232℃/10 a;年降水量与季节降水量变化趋势不明显,降水量倾向率均未通过95%的信度检验;气温和降水量年际和年代际变化显著;气候突变时段多集中于20世纪60至70年代和90年代以后,主要表现为上世纪60至70年代的降温突变和降水量增加突变,90年代以后以增温突变和降水量减少突变为主.     

New progress of lake sediments and environmental changes research in China

Environmental change recorded by lake sediments is one of the important branches of the past global changes study. The new progress of lake sediments and environmental changes in China since the late 1980s has been comprehensively discussed. The highlights emphasized are Asian paleomonsoon migration reflected by lake level fluctuation, uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau recorded by lacustrine sediments, saltlake sediments and environmental evolution, lake response to the natural-human interaction and modern lake biogeochemical process. Meanwhile important suggestions for the lake sediments and environmental research in the future are proposed, which include studies on the quantitative relationship between lake environment proxies and climate factors, high-resolution evolutionary sequence and spatial differentiation of environments, modern lake dynamic process and environment, Quaternary Chinese lake database and global changes.     

青藏高原中西部湖泊生物标志物记录的过去两千年气候变化

以青藏高原中西部湖泊达则错和阿翁错为研究对象,通过分析湖泊沉积物岩芯中GDGTs、长链不饱和烯酮与叶蜡化合物单体氢同位素等生物分子标志物获得过去2000 a以来青藏高原中西部定量的温度与降水同位素记录,以期探讨晚全新世以来不同时段青藏高原气候变化区域特征,并揭示过去2000 a季风与西风对青藏高原影响范围的变化.结果表明:(1)青藏高原气候变化存在强烈的区域性特征,两个湖泊均存在中世纪暖期(MWP),但是暖期持续的时间有所不同,高原西部(阿翁错) MWP持续时间明显长于高原中部(达则错);达则错有明显的小冰期(LIA)降温,阿翁错没有发现明显的LIA,可能受样品分辨率低的影响;过去200 a达则错温度有缓慢降低趋势,可能是冰融水补给湖泊温度变化滞后于气候变化的表现.(2)过去2000 a印度夏季风在青藏高原的最北界线可能发生了北移,在距今1000～2000 a,夏季风边界线位于阿翁错以北、达则错以南;但在过去1000 a印度季风边界线移动到阿翁错和达则错以北.     

Late Pleistocene／Holocene wetland events recorded in southeast Tengger Desert lake sediments, NW China

The area along the eastern and southeastern margins of the Tengger Desert, NW China, which is sensitive to the summer monsoon variations, was selected for studying the environmental conditions surrounding the transition between Paleolithic foragers and Neolithic farmer/pastoral-ists. Short cores were obtained from four lake basins in the southwestern Tengger using a hand-driven piston coringdevice. Proxies from these cores were supplemented by ra-diocarbon ages obtained from lake sediment cores, shoreline features and spring mound deposits. Together these records provide evidence of millennial-scale climate change eventsfrom the Pleistocene-Holocene transition to the present.Lake/wetland events, representing periods of more intensive summer monsoon, occur in the records at-12.7-11.6,-10.1, -9.3, -8.0, -5.4, -1.5, and -0.8 ka BP. They do suggest that century- to miliennial-seale climatic cycles are characteristic of the Holocene in the southeastern Tengger Desert although the chronology must be considered extremely tentative.     

Abrupt Holocene changes of the Asian monsoon at millennial- and centennial-scales: Evidence from lake sediment document in Minqin Basin, NW China

Considerable research is now focusing on abrupt Holocene changes at millennial- and centennial-scales all over the world. This study shows that the changes in the Holocene summer monsoon can be divided into two main periods, based on climatic proxy records of lake sediments from the Sanjiaocheng section located at the NW boundary of the summer monsoon, Gansu Province. The early and middle Holocene was humid with stronger summer monsoon, while the late Holocene is dry with weak summer monsoon. Detailed results also show a series of millennial- and centennial-scale changes in the intensity of the summer monsoon, with a periodicity of {dy1600} years during the whole Holocene, and with a periodicity of 800 years during the early Holocene. Ten dry events during the Holocene are associated with the weakening of the summer monsoon. These rapid climatic changes may be representative of a global climatic change pattern during the Holocene.     

A high-resolution environmental change record since 19 cal ka BP in Pumoyum Co,southern Tibet

A 380-cm-long sediment core was acquired from the deep water area of Pumoyum Co, southern Tibet. Twenty-five plant residue samples were selected, and organic carbon stable isotopes were obtained using the AMS ¹⁴C chronological method. The ¹⁴C age and carbon reservoir effect were calibrated with surface sedimentation rate measurements using ²¹⁰Pb dating. Results showed that the core sediment deposited over 19 cal ka BP. Based on a multi-proxy analysis of TOC and IC contents, grain size and pollen assemblage data, the palaeoclimatic evolution of Pumoyum Co was reconstructed since the last glacial. Pumoyum Co was a shallow lake prior to 16.2 cal ka BP; although the glacier around the lake began to melt due to increasing temperatures, climate was still cold and dry. In the interval of 16.2–11.8 cal ka BP, the sedimentary environment fluctuated drastically and frequently. Two cold-events occurred at 14.2 and 11.8 cal ka BP, and these may correspond to the Older Dryas and the Younger Dryas events, respectively. After 11.8 cal ka BP, Pumoyun Co developed into the deep lake as it is now. The lake water temperature was relatively lower at that time because of influx of cold water from glacial meltwater entering the lake. As a result, the multi-proxy indicators showed no sign of warm conditions. Comparisons between the sedimentary record of Pumoyum Co with that of other lakes of the same age in southern Tibet indicate a warmer climate following the last deglaciation influenced the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. These results imply that the southwest Asian monsoon gradually became stronger since the deglaciation during its expansion to the inner plateau. The glacial-supplied water of the lake responded sensitively to cold-events. The entire southern Tibet region was dominantly influenced climatically by the southwest Asian monsoon during the Holocene.     

达连海沉积物粒度特征及其古环境意义

利用达连海湖心浅井的粒度资料,分析了粒度组成、粒度频率曲线等粒度特征,并探讨了达连海粒度代表的古气候意义。结果表明,达连海沉积物频率曲线主要是正态单峰型,反映流水作用为主要沉积作用。湖心底部降水较多,湖面高,沉积物以细组分占绝对优势,频率曲线显示物源较单一,为深水沉积环境,但后期环境有所变化;中下部降水相对稀少,湖面降低,沉积物以粗组分含量增加,环境可能进一步恶化;中上部湖面上升,细组分含量增加,频率曲线显示物源由复杂变单一,为浅水沉积向深水沉积过渡环境;上部沉积物粗细间隔连续变化,频率曲线显示物源复杂,反映湖区环境进一步恶化,风砂活动频繁。沉积物粒度特征反映了达连海中全新世以来降水、流水和风力作用以及湖面水位高低的变化。达连海5 000多年来的古气候环境演化大致经历了5 600~5 100 cal a BP的湿润、5 100~2 500 cal a BP的干旱、2 500~800 cal a BP的偏湿和800 cal a BP以来的偏干4个阶段。     

气候变化情景下中国东部地区未来气候舒适度变化预测

选取中国东部691个数据记录较完整的站点, 统计各站点1971—2010年间每年每季的热日、冷日和舒适日天数, 利用温湿指数(THI), 评价中国东部季风区近40年的舒适度变化, 并结合未来情景下气象数据的比较和分析, 展望21世纪末中国东部地区的舒适度变化趋势。结果表明, 1971—2010年间, 中国东部季风区在一定程度上变暖, 东北和华南的气候敏感度高于其他地区, 沿海的气候敏感度高于内陆, 东北地区对气候变化的响应程度较高。     

近300年来植硅体记录的巢湖流域气候变化

通过对巢湖AC2钻孔植硅体化石的系统研究，划分出3个植硅体组合带.并根据各植硅体组合带主要成分所反映的气候特征，结合主成分分析法（PCA），重构了该区近300 a来的气候与环境变化.巢湖流域近300 a来气候划分为2个相对温暖时期（1710 s—1780 s；1890 s—1970 s）、1个相对寒冷时期（1780 s—1890 s）和1个增温阶段（1970 s—2003）.与前人利用合肥地区的历史文献和长江中下游地区气象站的器测资料得出该区的气候变化进行了对比分析.     

A mid－Holocene drought interval as evidenced by lake desiccation in the Alashan Plateau,Inner Mongolia,China

The mid-Holocene in China is traditionally thought to be a warm and humid period with a strong sum-mer monsoon, and is often termed the Holocene Climatic Optimum or Megathermal Period. Here we present lakegeomorphologic and lithologicai evidence from the Alashan Plateau, part of the Mongolian Plateau, that indicates stronglake desiccation during the mid-Holocene. High resolution pollen data from Zhuyeze Lake, at the present summermonsoon margin, is also presented. These data show that present lakes and wetlands in the Juyanze Lake basin west of the Badain Jaran desert, in the Zhuyeze Lake basin between the Badain Jaran and Tengger deserts, and in lakes in the eastern Tengger desert, dried or experienced low lake levelsin the mid-Holocene around 5000-7000 cal yr BP. Pollen data further indicate that the vegetation cover declined in both the local areas and in the Qilian Mountains, suggesting the climate was drier than that associated with the presentAsian summer monsoon. This mid-Holocene drought interval was present throughout a quite large region of the south In-ner Mongolian Plateau. The period was also probably colder,at least in the high Asian plateaus and mountains.     

The reconstruction and interpretations of lake status at 6 ka and 18 ka B.P.in inland mainland Asia

By means of survey of literature through compilations of sedimentological, biogeological and geomorphologic data, the inland lake level changes in arid or semi-arid mainland Asia at 6 and 18 ka B. P. have been reconstructed. The results showed that the lakes from western and northwestern Asia were characterized by very high water levels at 18 ka B. P., but low or intermediate water stands at 6 ka B. P. The high lake level in this region was associated with the southward displacement of westerlies, therefore, the extent of the high lake stand indicated the southern flank of westerlies during the glaciation. Conversely, the lakes from the eastern and southern Asia registered comparative low levels at 18 ka B. P. and significantly high one at 6 ka B. P. The lowering of lake level at 18 ka B. P. was caused by the weakened summer monsoon and the high lake level at 6 ka B. P. by the enhanced summer monsoon induced by the enlarged thermal contrast between land and ocean. The extent of high lake levels indicated the northern boundary of monsoon expansion. Between the above two regions, there is a climatic transitional zone in the Central Asia where the lake behavior was close to that in southeastern Asia at 6 ka B. P. but became similar to that in northwestern Asia at 18 ka B. P. Thus this zone became a transitional sector from the monsoon to the westerlies.