一株新型溶藻弧菌噬菌体φV039C的生物学特性和全基因组分析

对一株溶藻弧菌噬菌体φV039C进行了生物学特性和全基因组序列的研究。经透射电镜观察可见,噬菌体φV039C头部为正廿面体结构,直径58.9 nm,具长105.2 nm的尾部;采用双层平板法检测,其最佳感染复数为0.1;通过一步生长曲线计算可得,噬菌体φV039C的潜伏期为20 min,爆发期为10 min,裂解量为163 pfu/cell;利用第三代单分子测序平台进行全基因组测序分析,其基因组全长43 405 bp,G+C含量为42.95%,74个开放阅读框（ORF）主要为噬菌体的结构、DNA复制和裂解有关的基因;在NCBI数据库中进行基因组比对,发现与其最接近的长尾噬菌体科的溶藻弧菌噬菌体NF和副溶血弧菌噬菌体Seahorse的覆盖率仅为11%（覆盖区域的相似度分别为92.2%和93.3%）,此外,基于裂解酶构建的系统进化树也表明,φV039C与二者处于距离最近的分支。由此得出,溶藻弧菌噬菌体φV039C是一株新型的噬菌体,分类上应归属有尾噬菌体目长尾噬菌体科。     

The genome sequence of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. The Xylella fastidiosa Consortium of the Organization for Nucleotide Sequencing and Analysis

Xylella fastidiosa is a fastidious, xylem-limited bacterium that causes a range of economically important plant diseases. Here we report the complete genome sequence of X. fastidiosa clone 9a5c, which causes citrus variegated chlorosis--a serious disease of orange trees. The genome comprises a 52.7% GC-rich 2,679,305-base-pair (bp) circular chromosome and two plasmids of 51,158 bp and 1,285 bp. We can assign putative functions to 47% of the 2,904 predicted coding regions. Efficient metabolic functions are predicted, with sugars as the principal energy and carbon source, supporting existence in the nutrient-poor xylem sap. The mechanisms associated with pathogenicity and virulence involve toxins, antibiotics and ion sequestration systems, as well as bacterium-bacterium and bacterium-host interactions mediated by a range of proteins. Orthologues of some of these proteins have only been identified in animal and human pathogens; their presence in X. fastidiosa indicates that the molecular basis for bacterial pathogenicity is both conserved and independent of host. At least 83 genes are bacteriophage-derived and include virulence-associated genes from other bacteria, providing direct evidence of phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer.     

Properties and nucleotide sequence of linear plasmid-like DNA pC4 from mitochondria ofCucumis sativus

Four kinds of mitochondrial plasmid-like DNAs, designated pC1, pC2, pC3 and pC4, were detected in Cucumis sativus Jinyan No. 4. The electron microscopy observation showed that pC4 was linear conformation. Complete sequence of pC4 was cloned into pUC19 with E. coli JM109 as host. Sequence analysis revealed that pC4 was 370 bp long, the shortest one among all the reported mitochondrial plasmid-like DNAs. pC4 was AT rich. It contained terminal direct repeat sequence (35 bp in length)as well as many short direct and inverted repeats. ORFs in pC4 were short. pC4 was found to be homologous to nuclear DNAs, but lack homology with main mitochondrial and chloroplast DNAs. pC4-homologous sequence also occurred in nuclear genome of Jinyan No. 7 which contained no mitochondrial plasmid-like DNAs. The hybridization pattern of Jinyan No. 7 was slightly different from that of Jinyan No. 4. This suggested that pC4 occurred at the forepart of Cucumis sativus species divergence and integrated into the nuclear genome, and the pC4-homologous sequence in nucleus varied during species diverging.     

The genome sequence of the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni reveals hypervariable sequences

Campylobacter jejuni, from the delta-epsilon group of proteobacteria, is a microaerophilic, Gram-negative, flagellate, spiral bacterium-properties it shares with the related gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. It is the leading cause of bacterial food-borne diarrhoeal disease throughout the world. In addition, infection with C. jejuni is the most frequent antecedent to a form of neuromuscular paralysis known as Guillain-Barré syndrome. Here we report the genome sequence of C. jejuni NCTC11168. C. jejuni has a circular chromosome of 1,641,481 base pairs (30.6% G+C) which is predicted to encode 1,654 proteins and 54 stable RNA species. The genome is unusual in that there are virtually no insertion sequences or phage-associated sequences and very few repeat sequences. One of the most striking findings in the genome was the presence of hypervariable sequences. These short homopolymeric runs of nucleotides were commonly found in genes encoding the biosynthesis or modification of surface structures, or in closely linked genes of unknown function. The apparently high rate of variation of these homopolymeric tracts may be important in the survival strategy of C. jejuni.     

Analysis of components of conserved “backbone sequences”among genomes of Shigella spp. strains

Difference in the genomic compositions of prokaryotes is the basis of the diversity in their biological characters. However, besides their flora-or strain-specific genes,those floras with closer relationship in the evolution also have conserved “backbone sequences”, which reveal the marks of their origin and evolution, and these “backbone sequences”are just the basis of their elementary living abilities and common biological properties. Shigella is very closely related to E. coli in the origin and evolution, and may turn out to belong to the same genus. In this study, a microarray containing E. coli K-12 whole genome and Sf301 specific ORFs is used to investigate the genomic components of four Shigella strains. The results indicate that 16%-22% K-12 ORFs sequences are not detected in the genome of Shigella strains while the genome of Shigella contains at least 2800 conserved ORFs, which compose the common “backbone sequences”.Advanced analysis indicated that the “backbone sequences”are the essential components in maintaining the normal physiological activities of intestinal bacteria. Furthermore,only 20% Sf301-specific ORFs exist in other strains simultaneously, which demonstrate the great genome heterogeneity and the genetic diversity among the strains.     

水稻黑条矮缩病毒基因组第九组分cDNA的克隆及序列分析

从我国发病的玉米材料中提取水稻黑条矮缩病毒,抽提病毒RNA,利用RT-PCR等手段,获得了病毒基因组第九组分（S9）cDNA克隆。序列分析结果表明：S9全长1900bp,含有2个不重叠的ORF,编码蛋白的分子质量分别为39.9,24.2ku,与日本株S9核苷酸序列同源性为89%,与意大利株MRDV S8同源性为86%。     

Geobacillus sp.POT5 α-淀粉酶基因的克隆及表达

从高温环境土壤中分离到1株能在75℃生长并产生α-淀粉酶的菌株(POT5),扩增了其16Sr DNA核苷酸序列,序列分析表明该菌属于Geobacillus属.根据该属全基因序列测定数据中推定的α-淀粉酶基因,利用PCR方法从G.sp.POT5基因组中扩增得到该菌α-淀粉酶基因(amyP).序列分析表明该基因全长1.545 kb、G+C含量51.33%,编码514个氨基酸.构建重组表达质粒pET22b(+)-amyP,转化Escherichia coliBL21系统,表达产物经SDS-PAGE分析、活性染色及淀粉酶活力分析,表明amyP基因得到了表达,且产物具有生物学活性.     

Sodium Acetate Stimulates PHB Biosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

IntroductionA large variety of bacteria are able to synthesizepolyhydroxyalkanoic acids (PHAs) and to depositlarge amounts of these polyesters as insolubleinclusions in cytoplasm[1 ] . PHAs have attractedthe interest of the chemical industry because oftheir biodegradable properties for applications invarious technical,medical,and pharmaceuticalapplications[2 ] .Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate(PHB) isatypical PHA that is produced by heterotrophicbacteria,such as Alcaligenes eutrophus andEscherichi…     

Identification of a novel DNA molecule associated with Tobacco leaf curl virus

A circular DNA molecule, designated as DNAβ, was identified in tobacco plants infected with Tobacco leaf curl virus (TLCV) isolates Y5 and Y8 by PCR using primers based on the conserved region of the two reported DNAβ sequences of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (WTGs). The complete nucleotide sequences of DNAβ of Y5 and Y8 (TLCV DNAβ) were determined. Y5 DNAβ comprises 1333 nucleotides encoding 8 predicted ORFs with 4 ORFs in virion-sense DNA and 4 ORFs in complementary-sense DNA; Y8 DNAβ consists of 1338 nucleotides encoding 7 predicted ORFs with 4 ORFs in virion-sense DNA and 3 ORFs in complementary-sense DNA. TLCV DNAβ has little sequence homology to DNA-A of TLCV., except that it shares conserved TAATATTAC loop sequence with TLCV DNA-A. Sequence comparison showed that Y5 DNAβ shared 85% sequence homology with Y8 DNAβ, and both Y5 DNAβ and Y8 DNAβ had relatively low sequence identity (51%–65%) with the reported DNAβ molecules associated with Ageratum yellow vein virus and Cotton leaf curl virus. The immunotrapping PCR and whitefly transmission tests showed that DNAβ molecule could be encapsidated in virus particle and transmitted by Bemisia tabaci. This is the first report of DNAβ associated with WTGs in China.     

Analysis of components of conserved “backbone sequences” among genomes of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Shigella</Emphasis> spp. strains

Difference in the genomic compositions of prokaryotes is the basis of the diversity in their biological characters. However, besides their flora- or strain-specific genes, those floras with closer relationship in the evolution also have conserved “backbone sequences”, which reveal the marks of their origin and evolution, and these “backbone sequences” are just the basis of their elementary living abilities and common biological properties. Shigella is very closely related to E. coli in the origin and evolution, and may turn out to belong to the same genus. In this study, a microarray containing E. coli K-12 whole genome and SG01 specific ORFs is used to investigate the genomic components of four Shigella strains. The results indicate that 16%–22% K-12 ORFs sequences are not detected in the genome of Shigella strains while the genome of Shigella contains at least 2800 conserved ORFs, which compose the common “backbone sequences”. Advanced analysis indicated that the “backbone sequences” are the essential components in maintaining the normal physiological activities of intestinal bacteria. Furthermore, only 20% SGO1-specific ORFs exist in other strains simultaneously, which demonstrate the great genome heterogeneity and the genetic diversity among the strains. the first two authours made equal contribution to this work.     

球状轮藻叶绿体全基因组的组装与特征分析

为揭示球状轮藻叶绿体全基因组的特征以及探究其在轮藻科内的系统发育关系,本研究基于高通量测序技术对其叶绿体全基因组进行组装和序列分析.结果表明:球状轮藻叶绿体基因组全长180 652 bp, GC含量26.6%,具有典型的四分体环状结构,与普生轮藻十分类似;球状轮藻叶绿体基因组共注释出137个基因,其中包括94个蛋白质编码基因、37个tRNA基因和6个rRNA基因,比无色丽藻多2个蛋白质编码基因和3个tRNA基因,与高等植物相比具有rpl12、trnL(gag)、rpl19、ycf20四个特殊基因;球状轮藻叶绿体全基因组共检测出87个SSR位点且绝大部分由A和T构成;此外,球状轮藻共包含24 989个密码子且密码子使用更偏好A和T,亮氨酸(Leu)是编码氨基酸最多的密码子;通过邻近法(NJ)对包括球状轮藻在内的5个种的叶绿体全基因组构建系统发育树显示,球状轮藻的亲缘关系与普生轮藻更为接近.本研究对球状轮藻叶绿体全基因组进行了解析,利用现有数据确立其系统发育学地位.     

A complete sequence and comparative analysis of a SARS-associated virus(Isolate BJ01)

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a newly identified infectious disease[1—5]. The global outbreak of SARS has been threatening the health of people worldwide and has killed 353 people and infected more than 5462 in 27 countries, as reported by WHO on April 29, 2003 (http://www.who.int/csr/sarscountry/en). Although it has been recognized that a variant of virus from the family of coronavirus might be the candidate pathogen of SARS[1—5], its identity as the unique pathogen sti…     

A complete sequence and comparative analysis of a SARS-associated virus （Isolate BJO1）

The genome sequence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-assoclated virus provides essential information for the identification of pathogen(s), exploration of etiology and evolution, interpretation of transmission and pathogenesis, development of diagnostics, prevention by future vaccination, and treatment by developing new drugs.We report the complete genome sequence and comparative analysis of an isolate (B J01) of the coronavirus that has been recognized as a pathogen for SARS. The genome is 29725 nt in size and has 11 ORFs (Open Reading Frames). It is composed of a stable region encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (composed of 20RFs) and a variable region representing 4 CDSs (coding sequences) for viral structural genes (the S, E, M, N proteins) and 5 PUPs (putative uncharacterized proteins). Its gene order is identical to that of other known coronaviruses. The sequence alignment with all known RNA viruses places this virus as a member in the family of Coronaviridae. Thirty putative substitutions have been identified by comparative analysis of the 5 SARS-associated virus genome sequences in GenBank. Fifteen of them lead to possible amino acid changes (non-synonymous mutations) in the proteins. Three amino acid changes, with predicted alteration of physical and chemical features, have been detected in the S protein that is postulated to be involved in the immunoreactions between the virus and its host.Two amino acid changes have been detected in the M protein,which could be related to viral envelope formation. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the possibility of non-human origin of the SARS-associated viruses but provides no evidence that they are man-made. Further efforts should focus on identifying the etiology of the SARS-associated virus and ruling out conclusively the existence of other possible SARS-related pathogen(s).     

Molecular characterization of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tomato yellow leaf curl China</Emphasis> virus and its satellite DNA isolated from tobacco

Virus isolates, Y8, Y36 and Y38, were obtained from tobacco plants showing leaf curl symptoms in Honghe,Yunnan Province. In reactions with 14 monoclonal antibodies raised against Begomoviras particles, Y8, Y36 and Y38 had similar antigenic reaction in TAS-ELISA as Tomato yellow leaf carl China virus (TYLCCNV). The complete DNA-A nueleotide sequences of Y8, Y36 and Y38 were determined and they contain 2727, 2730 and 2730 nueleotides, respectively. Each of the DNA-A sequences has a typical Begomovirus genome organization encoding 60RFs with 20RFs[AVI(CP) and AV2] in virion-sense DNA and 40RFs (AC1 to AC4) in complementary-sense DNA. Comparisons with total DNA-A, intergenie region and deduced amino acid sequences of individual ORFs show that Y8, Y36 and Y38 are isolates of TYLCCNV. Satellite DNA molecules (DNAβ) were found to be associated with Y8, Y36 and Y38, which consist of 1338, 1339 and 1338 nucleotides, respectively. Comparisons show that these DNAβ molecules share 98%--99% sequence identities on nucleotide level and have a common ORF (designated C1) encoding 126 amino acids on the complementary strand.     

鱼腥藻铁吸收调节蛋白基因(alr0957)的克隆和表达

依据CyanoBase提供的鱼腥藻PCC7120 furC基因(alr0957)的序列信息设计了一对特异性引物,用Touch-down PCR的方法从基因组DNA中扩增得到大小约450bp的目的片段.通过TA克隆的方法将该片段连接到pMD18-T载体上筛选出重组质粒pMD18-T-fur,然后进行双酶切,纯化furC基因,再连接到原核表达载体pET-28a(+)上,转化表达菌株BL21(DE3).经PCR、双酶切和测序鉴定,对阳性菌株进行IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE检测重组蛋白.结果表明:在25℃条件下经1mmol/L IPTG诱导20h,融合蛋白被成功表达,其分子量约为19 000,为进一步纯化蛋白和对基因的调控功能方面研究奠定了基础.     

酵母全基因组新的ORF结构的预测

提出了一个预测DNA序列中无内含子的开阅读框架（ORF）的理论方法－终止密码预测法；用酵母全基因组中已知的6260个基因进行检验，预测成功率为99．9％；发现酵母基因编码区和已知的DRF的起始密码子总是位于长距离不出现终止密码的位置序列上游紧邻最后一个终止密码子的ATG；在酵母全基因组DNA中发现了新的长度不小于90个氨基酸的ORF结构2244个。