拟穴青蟹视神经节孕酮受体的免疫识别

研究表明,在甲壳类中可能存在类固醇的调控系统,然而核受体在进化的过程中是否依赖配体作用一直存在着争论.应用免疫印迹和免疫组织化学方法对拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)视神经节孕酮受体(PR)进行免疫识别.结果发现,拟穴青蟹视神经节中存在PR免疫阳性反应;其分子量约为70 ku,该物质广泛分布于视神经节的神经细胞核内.PR在拟穴青蟹视神经节的发现暗示着其类似于脊椎动物调节机制的存在;PR在神经细胞核中的定位表明其为核受体,很有可能在基因水平上参与拟穴青蟹视神经节的生理活动调节.     

雄性三疣梭子蟹神经器官GnRH受体的免疫组织化学研究

采用MaxVisionTM免疫组织化学方法,以兔抗人GnRH受体的多克隆抗体,对雄性三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)的神经器官(视神经节、脑神经节和胸神经团)进行免疫组织化学定位.结果显示:GnRH受体的免疫阳性物质在雄性三疣梭子蟹视神经节、脑神经节和胸神经团的多个部位都有较为广泛的存在,定位在神经细胞的细胞质和神经髓质中,不同神经器官GnRH受体的免疫阳性强度有一定的差异.三疣梭子蟹神经器官存在GnRH受体的免疫阳性物质,为GnRH参与其神经调节作用提供了形态学依据.     

促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)结构与功能及其受体的进化发展

促性腺激素释放激素是下丘脑分泌产生的神经激素,对脊椎动物生殖的调控起重要作用.自1971年从猪和羊的脑分离出GnRH以来,到目前GnRH家族至少已有24个类型,其中14种来自脊椎动物,10种来自无脊椎动物.除章鱼GnRH(octo GnRH)外,所有的GnRH肽都由10个氨基酸组成,其分子长度和部份氨基酸序列非常保守.每种脊椎动物都产生多种GnRH类型.无脊椎动物鉴别的10种GnRH类型、9种来自被囊类,1种是由12个氨基酸组成的章鱼GnRH.生理学研究表明GnRH和无脊椎动物的生殖功能有密切联系;此外,GnRH在一些无脊椎动物还起着性外激素的作用,刺激它们自行产卵.自克隆小鼠GnRH受体转录物以来,已在22种动物克隆32个GnRH受体cDNA,其中11种是哺乳动物,11种是其他脊椎动物.无脊椎动物只在果蝇鉴别出一种类GnRH受体.以鱼类为例,氨基酸序列分析表明鱼类的GnRH-R属于G-蛋白偶联受体家族(GPCRs)中视紫红质亚族中的β-亚群,它们由3个主要功能域组成,包括N-端细胞外功能域,7个跨膜功能域和C-端细胞质功能域.系统发生分析表明鱼类的GnRH-R主要有两个类型,即Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型;每个类型还包括2到3个亚型.编码不同的GnRH-R类型的基因,具有不同的基因结构.GnRH-R基因的表达主要集中在生殖系统及相关的器官与组织,但每种鱼类GnRH-R的不同类型与亚型在组织或细胞中的具体分布有所不同.     

抗人PD-1高亲和力抗血清的制备及其在PD-1免疫印迹分析中的应用

利用纯化的可溶性人PD-1胞外域(sPD-1)蛋白为免疫原免疫小鼠,获得抗血清.免疫印迹显示该抗血清与原核表达的sPD-1有特异性反应,但与某些菌体蛋白存在交叉反应.经菌体蛋白吸附法处理后,交叉反应明显减弱.以商业化抗人PD-1抗体和小鼠sPD-1抗血清分析经亲和层析富集的活化的Jurkat T细胞表达的PD-1,只有自制的抗血清鉴定到特异反应条带,其表观分子质量为49 ku.     

拟穴青蟹新型过敏原磷酸丙糖异构酶的鉴定分析

利用硫酸铵盐析和柱层析对拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)进行处理,纯化得到28 ku的新型过敏原蛋白,经质谱鉴定为磷酸丙糖异构酶（triosephosphate isomerase,TIM）,与中华绒螯（Eriocheir sinensis）TIM序列相似度达到93%。该过敏原蛋白能够与甲壳类过敏患者血清和兔抗克氏原螯虾多克隆抗体发生特异性反应,等电点为5.8。对热处理稳定,加热温度高于50 ℃时发生聚合,且多聚体仍具有免疫结合活性,pH＞9.0时,对TIM免疫结合活性略有影响。在模拟胃肠液消化过程中,TIM耐受胰蛋白酶消化但不耐受胃蛋白酶消化,模拟胃液消化后的小分子片段仍保留有IgG结合活性。综合血清学及性质分析,该磷酸丙糖异构酶是拟穴青蟹的一种新型过敏原。     

4种促性腺激素释放激素抗体的制备、鉴定和纯化

用3-马来酰亚胺基苯甲酸琥珀酰亚胺酯(MBS)法将人工合成的4种不同来源的促性腺激素释放激(GnRH)(即章鱼GnRH、海鞘GnRH-Ⅰ、七鳃鳗GnRH-Ⅰ和七鳃鳗GnRH-Ⅲ)分别与匙孔戚血蓝蛋白(KLH)偶联后作为抗原,免疫新西兰大白兔获得GnRH抗体.用间接ELISA方法检测抗血清效价,并用Western blot鉴定其特异性.制备抗原肽亲和纯化柱,纯化多克隆抗体.结果显示,4种多克隆抗体效价高达1∶500 000(体积比),并能和相应的GnRH多肽特异性结合,纯化后的抗体在SDS-PAGE显示为单一条带.通过上述方法,获得4种高效价、高纯度的GnRH抗体,为低等动物GnRH的研究提供了理论依据.     

拟穴青蟹β-肌动蛋白基因的克隆与分析

β-肌动蛋白广泛存在于真核生物中,在维持细胞结构、细胞运动和细胞分裂等生理活动中发挥着重要作用.运用RACE技术克隆了拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)β-肌动蛋白基因,并用RT-PCR方法检测该基因在成体各组织中的表达情况.拟穴青蟹β-肌动蛋白cDNA全长1 337 bp,5′端非编码区为67 bp,3′端非编码区为139 bp,开放阅读框1 131 bp编码376个氨基酸.拟穴青蟹β-肌动蛋白与其他节肢动物β-肌动蛋白氨基酸序列的相似性高达98％～99％.系统进化树显示拟穴青蟹β-肌动蛋白基因的分子进化地位与其生物学分类地位一致.半定量RT-PCR分析结果表明,β-肌动蛋白基因在拟穴青蟹视神经节、脑神经节、胸神经节、性腺、鳃、心、胃、肌肉、肝胰腺共9个组织器官中的表达基本一致,具有良好的稳定性.     

克氏原螯虾原肌球蛋白的纯化及过敏原性分析

以13份甲壳类动物过敏患者血清的Western—blotting分析,确定克氏原螯虾主要过敏原为36ku蛋白质．通过盐析、等电点沉淀及热处理等方法纯化该蛋白质,以兔抗拟穴青蟹原肌球蛋白（Tropo-myosin,TM）多克隆抗体的Western—blotting分析,确定该蛋白质为TM．同源性分析表明,克氏原螯虾TM与南美白对虾TM、拟穴青蟹的氨基酸序列相似性较高（〉90％）．酶切位点预测显示,它分别有49个胰蛋白酶和6个胰凝乳蛋白酶的酶切位点．模拟胃肠液消化实验结果显示,纯化TM不易被胃蛋白酶降解,易于被胰蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶降解,进一步的Western—blotting和抑制性ELISA分析结果显示,其消化产物仍具有一定的免疫活性．采用蒸煮处理可降低TM的消化稳定性及免疫活性,且蒸煮处理时间越长,效果越显著．说明。TM为克氏原螯虾主要过敏原．与其他甲壳娄动物TM的序列相似件较高．     

拟穴青蟹HSP70基因的克隆与组织表达

热休克蛋白70(HSP70)是一种重要的功能蛋白.利用RACE和基因克隆等分子生物学技术,获得拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)HSP70全长cDNA序列,全长共2 189 bp,包括110 bp的5′UTR(untranslated regions)、126 bp的3′UTR和一个1 953 bp的开放阅读框(ORF).ORF可编码650个氨基酸残基,总分子质量约为71.2 ku,pI为5.38.同源蛋白的比较结果显示,拟穴青蟹HSP70序列与其他一些物种具有很高相似性,推测HSP70基因具有很高的遗传保守性,而基于HSP70氨基酸序列比对而绘制的系统树基本能够反映出各物种间的进化关系.以RT-PCR法检测雌性拟穴青蟹一些组织中的HSP70表达,结果显示各待测组织中均能扩增得到HSP70,说明HSP70在拟穴青蟹为组成型表达.其中,HSP70在卵巢中表达量最高,其次为脑神经节,推测这与HSP70作为分子伴侣的功能相关.     

重组猪生长激素抗体的制备与纯化

为了获得重组猪生长激素抗体,对重组猪生长激素融合基因的真核表达产物进行免疫印迹(Western blot)检测,将利用DNA重组技术构建的重组质粒pPGH020在大肠杆菌(E.coli)BL21中进行诱导表达.表达产物经Ni+亲和层析柱纯化,获得纯化的重组猪生长激素融合蛋白.然后以此为抗原免疫新西兰大白兔,获得多克隆抗体,抗体再经硫铵沉淀、透析和亲和层析纯化.Western印迹结果表明,该纯化抗体显示了良好的免疫反应,其灵敏度比兔抗rpGH抗血清提高50倍,为猪生长激素融合基因在真核细胞的表达及功能鉴定奠定了基础.     

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue binds to luteal cells and inhibits progesterone production.

Although gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is believed to mediate the hypothalamic control of pituitary gonadotropin secretion, continuous or repeated administration of GnRH or its agonist analogues has been shown to cause paradoxical antifertility effects in several species, including primates. GnRH-induced interruption of reproductive cycles and pregnancy is associated with diminished progesterone production, implying defective function of the corpus luteum. These luteolytic effects have been attributed to the well recognized desensitising actions of elevated luteinising hormone (LH) levels on ovarian LH receptors and steroidogenesis, subsequent to GnRH-induced gonadotropin release from the anterior pituitary. However, treatment with high doses of exogenous LH did not cause suppression of serum progesterone levels during early pregnancy in rats, whereas a highly active GnRH analogue was effective in this regard. These observations suggested that GnRH and its agonist analogues, given in high or sustained doses, can exert a direct action on the ovary that is independent of the pituitary. This hypothesis was further supported by the ability of GnRH and its agonists to inhibit human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)-induced ovarian and uterine weight gain in hypophysectomised rats and to delay the onset of puberty in intact female rats. Also, GnRH and its agonist analogues have recently been shown to inhibit steroidogenesis induced by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in cultured granulosa cells, confirming the direct action of such peptides on the ovarian follicle. The marked inhibitory effects of GnRH and its agonists on corpus luteum function suggest that these compounds could exert direct actions by binding to specific receptors on luteal cells. The present experiments, which examine the effects of GnRH agonists on luteal steroidogenesis, demonstrate the existence of such actions and their mediation by specific high-affinity receptor sites present in luteal cell membranes.     

人促性腺激素释放激素及转运肽的表达及生物活性测定

为研究重组人促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)表达产物及其生物活性,将人促性腺激素释放激素及转运肽基因重组到表达载体PTYB2上,测序结果表明序列正确,未改变读码框架,然后转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)PlysS中进行诱导表达,纯化后的表达产物经Tricine-SDS-PAGE电泳分析,以其抑制肿瘤前列腺癌细胞增生作用验证其生物学活性。     

Immunocytochemical localization in rat brain of a prolactin release-inhibiting sequence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone prohormone

The structure of a precursor protein for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) of relative molecular mass 10,000 has recently been deduced from cloned complementary DNA sequences derived from human placental messenger RNA. The 56-amino-acid peptide representing residues 14-69 of this prohormone exhibits potent inhibition of prolactin secretion. To investigate whether the same prohormone is synthesized in mammalian brain and describe the anatomical distribution of the prolactin-inhibiting region of this molecule, we have generated antiserum to a synthetic peptide containing residues 40-53 of the human placental precursor. We report here that a substance recognized by this antibody is present in GnRH-containing neurones of the rat brain and appears to coexist with GnRH in secretory granules of nerve terminals in the median eminence. These results indicate homology between hypothalamic and placental prohormones for GnRH and are consistent with the suggestion elsewhere in this issue that a prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF) is generated from this prohormone and cosecreted with GnRH by nerve terminals in the median eminence.     

脊椎动物促性腺激素释放激素的结构、基因表达与调控的研究进展

综述了有关对脊椎动物促性腺激素释放激素的结构、基因表达与调控的研究进展 .阐明促性腺激素释放激素结构多样性 ,功能多样性 ,及其基因表达与调控 ,并对可能的应用前景作简要阐述     

重组人促性腺激素-铜绿假单胞菌外毒素A蛋白的可溶性表达、纯化和对肿瘤细胞的抑制活性

以人促性腺激素-铜绿假单胞菌外毒素A衍生物（GnRH-PE39KDEL）为研究对象,根据大肠杆菌密码子偏好性优化,通过基因合成的方法获得重组蛋白核酸序列,连接至pET-24b载体中,并转化入大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3)及BL21 ( DE3) plyS中进行诱导表达。结果显示,在含有2 mg/mL葡萄糖的LB培养基中37 ℃培养至OD-600约为0.6 h,加入0.2 mmol/L IPTG在30 ℃诱导2 h后,重组蛋白可以实现可溶性高表达。工程菌经超声波破碎、高速离心后,经镍柱纯化和脱盐后得到重组蛋白,蛋白纯度达到95 %以上,蛋白最终得率在2.6 mg/g菌体。重组蛋白经IC-50检测,可以较好地抑制肿瘤细胞株的生长。     

Purification and characterization of an FSH releasing protein from porcine ovarian follicular fluid

A variety of hypophysiotropic peptides or proteins have been reported to be present in mammalian gonads. Inhibin, a hormone that under most circumstances selectively suppresses the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) but not luteinizing hormone (LH), has been isolated from the gonadal fluids of several species and characterized as a heterodimeric protein consisting of alpha- and beta-polypeptides associated by disulphide bonds. The complete amino-acid sequences of the precursors of porcine and human inhibin alpha-subunits and two distinct porcine inhibin beta-subunits (beta A and beta B) have been deduced from complementary DNA sequences. Gonadotropin releasing peptides have also been found in the gonad and have generally been shown to be active in radioreceptor assays for gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) but to exhibit different chromatographic and immunological characteristics from those of GnRH. During our purification of inhibin from porcine follicular fluid, we noted fractions that could stimulate the secretion of FSH by cultured anterior pituitary cells. We report here the purification of an FSH releasing protein (FRP) and its characterization by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-reducing and reducing conditions and by partial sequence analysis. Our results indicate that porcine gonadal FRP is a homodimer consisting of two inhibin beta A-chains linked by disulphide bonds. FRP is highly potent (50% effective concentration (EC50) approximately 25 pM) in stimulating the secretion and biosynthesis of FSH but not of LH or any other pituitary hormone. In contrast to the effects of GnRH and other reported gonadal gonadotropin releasing fractions, the action of FRP is not mediated by GnRH receptors.     

Molecular characterization and genetic analysis of Gnrh2 and Gthβin different ploidy level fishes

The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and the gonadotropin hormone (GTH) play crucial roles in regulating the gonadal development of the vertebrate. In this study, the Gnrh2, Fshβ and Lhβ cDNAs were cloned and characterized in red crucian carp, triploids and tetraploids, and their phylogenetic relations were comparatively analyzed. All the Gnrh2 cDNAs in different ploidy fishes encoded proteins of 86 amino acids, which consisted of a signal peptide, a GnRH2 decapeptide and a GnRH-associated peptide (GAP) linked by a proteolytic cleavage site (Gly-Lys-Arg). The GnRH2 decapeptide and proteolytic cleavage site were absolutely consistent among the three ploidy fishes, but the differences in signal peptide and GAP between diploids and tetraploids were fewer than those between diploids and triploids. It was presumed that the red crucian carp was the original maternal parent of tetraploids, so they had closer relationship. In addition, the Fshβ and Lhβ cDNAs of these three fishes encoded proteins of 130 and 140 amino acids, respectively. Compared with the molecules of other teleosts, the cysteine residues and potential glycosylation sites of Lhβ in these three fishes are fully conserved. However, most teleosts of Fshβ had 12 cysteine residues, while those of these three fishes were 13, and 12 of which might form six conserved disulfide bridges by utilizing the cleavage sites between the first and the second cysteine residues. Moreover, the lack of the second glycosylation site in Fshβ of these three fishes might influence the special structure and biological activities. On the other hand, the phylogenic tree analyses revealed that Gnrh2, Fshβ and Lhβ had similar phylogeny relationships among the cyprinids, which indicated that they were conserved in molecular structure and function during the evolution.     

GnRH-A抗原主动免疫雄兔对血液Fe、Cu、Zn的影响

目的:探讨促性腺激素释放激素类似物-A(GnRH-A)主动免疫时动物血液微量元素的变化规律,为深入研究GnRH免疫去势的作用机理提供科学依据.方法:用自制的GnRH-A抗原乳剂1.0 mL对兔子进行皮下注射,美国热电SOLAAR S4型原子吸收光谱仪测定Fe、Cu、Zn.结果:Zn的含量在第4周明显高于免疫去势前的水平(P<0.05),Cu和Fe与免疫去势前无显著差异(P>0.05).结论:GnRH-A主动免疫对雄兔血液微量元素无明显影响.     

A prolactin-inhibiting factor within the precursor for human gonadotropin-releasing hormone

The cloned complementary DNA sequence encoding the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) precursor protein was used to construct an expression vector for the bacterial synthesis of the 56-amino acid GnRH-associated peptide (GAP). GAP was found to be a potent inhibitor of prolactin secretion and to stimulate the release of gonadotropins in rat pituitary cell cultures. Active immunization with peptides corresponding to GAP sequences led to greatly increased prolactin secretion in rabbits.