石炭酸浓度对脑脊液蛋白定性试验的影响

石炭酸浓度对脑脊液蛋白定性试验的影响刘萍（莱西市人民医院检验科，２６６２００，山东莱西；３９岁，女，检验师）脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）检查对许多神经系统疾病和某些内儿科疾病的神经系统并发症的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要意义．ＣＳＦ蛋白质定性试验是ＣＳＦ常规检查中一项...     

棉铃虫单粒包埋型核型多角体病毒诱发草地贪夜蛾细胞株Sf的程序性死亡

棉铃虫单粒包埋型核型多角体病毒（ＨａＳＮＰＶ）能够诱发草地贪夜蛾Ｓｆ细胞株发生早期死亡现象．依据死亡过程的细胞形态变化，ＤＮＡ降解的梯状电泳特征以及对不同抑制剂敏感性的差异，可以初步断定该死亡现象为程序性死亡．早期死亡伴随着病毒ＤＮＡ复制与子代病毒生成的中止．同时发现野生型ＡＣＭＮＰＶ的共感染能够有效地抑制早期死亡的发生，并对抑制作用的可能性机制进行了探讨．     

非小细胞肺癌CD44v6,VEGF与C—erbB—2和nm23基因蛋白 …

应用链霉菌抗生物素蛋白－过氧化物酶（ＳＰ）法染色技术测定６５例非小细胞肺癌（ＮＳＣＬＣ）组织标本的ＣＤ４４ｖ６、ＶＥＧＦ、Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２和ｎｍ２３基因蛋白的表达水平。显示ＣＤ４４ｖ６、ＶＥＧＦ、Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２及ｎｍ２３在ＮＳＣＬＣ组织中表达的阳性率分别为６６．２％、７８．５％、６３．１％及７３．８％,均显著高于癌旁组织;上述四项指标阳性率与ＮＳＣＬＣ的病理类型无明显关系;区域性淋巴结转移组ＣＤ     

Pyrococcus sp.DNA聚合酶内蛋白子突变体的剪切性质

将含麦芽糖结合蛋白－嗜热菌ＤＮＡ聚合酶内蛋白子基因的ｐＭＩ８４、ｐＭＩ９４、ｐＭＩ９５三个重组突变体质粒转入Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ２４２６经发酵及ＩＰＴＧ低温诱导表达,直链淀粉糖亲和纯化获得ＭＩ８４（ｓｅｒ１／Ｓｅｒ５３８Ｓｔｏｐ）、ＭＩ９４（Ｓｅｒ１→ＣｙｓＨ１／Ｓｅｒ５３８Ｓｔｏｐ）、ＭＩ９５（Ｓｅｒ１→Ａｌａ１／Ｓｅｒ５３８Ｓｔｏｐ）三种蛋白质前体。研究了ＰＨ温度、巯基试剂对内蛋白子Ｎ末端的剪切影响。     

概念知识粒与概念信息粒的相互转化

在研究概念知识粒和概念信息粒的基础上,进一步讨论了Ⅰ-型概念信息粒、Ⅱ-型概念信息粒和概念知识粒之间的转换关系,并给出了新的转化方法,进一步揭示了概念信息粒和概念知识粒之间的关系。这些结论为生成近似概念和获取近似规则提供了理论基础,促进了粒计算理论的发展。     

花生 2S 蛋白的提取分离及部分性质研究

用低盐缓冲液提取加热处理的方法分离了花生种子的２Ｓ蛋白组分,用激光质谱法测定了２Ｓ蛋白各组分的分子量;用高效液相色谱法测定了２Ｓ蛋白的氨基酸组成;用差示扫描量热法测定了２Ｓ蛋白的加工工艺性质．研究结果表明花生２Ｓ蛋白主要由１７种多肽组成,富含Ｃｙｓ及Ｍｅｔ等含硫氨基酸,且具有很强的耐热性与亲水性．     

高迁移组染色体蛋白-17的分离提取及其抗体ELISA测定方法的建立

纯化高迁移组染色体蛋白－１７（ＨＭＧ－１７）,建立检测抗ＨＭＧ－１７自身抗体的ＥＬＩＳＡ方法,探讨抗ＨＭＧ－１７抗体与临床疾病的关系。用水煮沸法提取,甲酸－吡啶缓冲液酸化和ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１５０凝胶过滤技术,自小牛胸腺组织中分离ＨＭＧ－１７,用此纯化物包被,方阵滴定,建立测定抗ＨＭＧ－１７抗体的间接ＥＬＩＳＡ方法,并进行方法学考核和临床标本检测。纯化的ＨＭＧ－１７抗原经十二烷基硫酸钠－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ）分析,呈现一条分子量约９２００的蛋白带;建立的ＥＬＩＳＡ方法批内平均变异系数（ＣＶ）为５．８％,批间ＣＶ值为９．６％,ＥＬＩＳＡ抑制试验最高抑制率达８７．２％;临床检测结果表明,在系统性红斑狼疮（ＳＬＥ）、混合性结缔组织病（ＭＣＴＤ）和干燥综合征（ＳＳ）患者中分别有１７．４％～３７．３％的抗ＨＭＧ－１７抗体的阳性检出率（Ｐ＜０．０１或Ｐ＜０．０５）,而在其他自身免疫病和内科疾病者中,抗ＨＭＧ－１７抗体均为低水平。抗ＨＭＧ－１７抗体ＥＬＩＳＡ测定法具有较好的特异性和重复性,便于常规检测,该类抗体的存在似与某些自身免疫病（尤其是ＳＬＥ）的关系较为密切     

基因疫苗研究与进展

基因疫苗代表了新的、具有潜力的疫苗发展途径和研究方向，它取得成功主要归功于基因治疗技术的发展．基因疫苗是直接将抗原的编码基因注入动物体内，并在动物细胞中表达抗原蛋白以诱导动物产生免疫保护作用．基因疫苗研究有可能为当今人类无法控制的一些严重传染疾病，提供新的免疫防治途径和手段．本文回顾了基因疫苗发展历史和研究进展，与传统疫苗相比较，对基因疫苗的作用原理、构造以及技术方法等方面的初步研究和进展情况进行了概述。     

鸡腺病毒内蒙古分离株六邻体蛋白基因片段的合成和分子克隆

根据鸡１０型腺病毒以及人２、５、４０、４１型腺病毒、牛３型、鼠１型腺病毒六邻体蛋白基因序列，选择保守区，设计和合成一对引物，以鸡腺病毒内蒙古分离株基因组ＤＮＡ为模板，进行聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增得到预期大小的０．５５ｋｂＤＮＡ片段．将此ＤＮＡ片段克隆于ｐＵＣ１９的ＳｍａＩ位点，筛选重组质粒，进行限制酶切分析和ＰＣＲ检测，得到含有六邻体蛋白基因片段的重组质粒，为进一步开展此病毒分子生物学研究和分子生物学诊断技术的建立创造了条件     

慢性肾衰血浆中红细胞生成抑制蛋白的分离纯化

本文采用慢性肾功能衰竭（ＣＲＰ）病人血浆为材料，通过硫酸铵分步沉淀，ＤＥＡＥＤＥ－５２纤维素离子交换层析、ＳｅｐｈａｃｒｙｌＳ－１００凝胶层析及高效液相凝胶层析（ＨＰＬＣ），从中分离出一种蛋白质．经体外红系集落（ＣＷ－Ｅ）实验证明对ＣＦＵ－Ｅ有明显的抑制作用．该蛋白的分子量为５７０００，等电点（ＰＩ）为４．２，我们称这种蛋白为红细胞生长抑制蛋白（Ｅｔｙｔｈｒｏｒｏｉｅｓｉｓｉｎｈｉｔｏｒｒａｃｔｉｖｔｙｐｒｏｔｉｎ）．     

Prion propagation and toxicity in vivo occur in two distinct mechanistic phases

Mammalian prions cause fatal neurodegenerative conditions including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in animals. Prion infections are typically associated with remarkably prolonged but highly consistent incubation periods followed by a rapid clinical phase. The relationship between prion propagation, generation of neurotoxic species and clinical onset has remained obscure. Prion incubation periods in experimental animals are known to vary inversely with expression level of cellular prion protein. Here we demonstrate that prion propagation in brain proceeds via two distinct phases: a clinically silent exponential phase not rate-limited by prion protein concentration which rapidly reaches a maximal prion titre, followed by a distinct switch to a plateau phase. The latter determines time to clinical onset in a manner inversely proportional to prion protein concentration. These findings demonstrate an uncoupling of infectivity and toxicity. We suggest that prions themselves are not neurotoxic but catalyse the formation of such species from PrP(C). Production of neurotoxic species is triggered when prion propagation saturates, leading to a switch from autocatalytic production of infectivity (phase 1) to a toxic (phase 2) pathway.     

Monoclonal antibodies inhibit prion replication and delay the development of prion disease

Prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are fatal, neuro-degenerative disorders with no known therapy. A proportion of the UK population has been exposed to a bovine spongiform encephalopathy-like prion strain and are at risk of developing variant CJD. A hallmark of prion disease is the transformation of normal cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into an infectious disease-associated isoform, PrP(Sc). Recent in vitro studies indicate that anti-PrP monoclonal antibodies with little or no affinity for PrP(Sc) can prevent the incorporation of PrP(C) into propagating prions. We therefore investigated in a murine scrapie model whether anti-PrP monoclonal antibodies show similar inhibitory effects on prion replication in vivo. We found that peripheral PrP(Sc) levels and prion infectivity were markedly reduced, even when the antibodies were first administered at the point of near maximal accumulation of PrP(Sc) in the spleen. Furthermore, animals in which the treatment was continued remained healthy for over 300 days after equivalent untreated animals had succumbed to the disease. These findings indicate that immunotherapeutic strategies for human prion diseases are worth pursuing.     

Transmissible and genetic prion diseases share a common pathway of neurodegeneration

Prion diseases can be infectious, sporadic and genetic. The infectious forms of these diseases, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, are usually characterized by the accumulation in the brain of the transmissible pathogen, an abnormally folded isoform of the prion protein (PrP) termed PrPSc. However, certain inherited PrP mutations appear to cause neurodegeneration in the absence of PrPSc, working instead by favoured synthesis of CtmPrP, a transmembrane form of PrP. The relationship between the neurodegeneration seen in transmissible prion diseases involving PrPSc and that associated with ctmPrP has remained unclear. Here we find that the effectiveness of accumulated PrPSc in causing neurodegenerative disease depends upon the predilection of host-encoded PrP to be made in the ctmPrP form. Furthermore, the time course of PrPSc accumulation in transmissible prion disease is followed closely by increased generation of CtmPrP. Thus, the accumulation of PrPSc appears to modulate in trans the events involved in generating or metabolising CtmPrP. Together, these data suggest that the events of CtmPrP-mediated neurodegeneration may represent a common step in the pathogenesis of genetic and infectious prion diseases.     

Advances in research on Shadoo,shadow of prion protein

Prion plays a central role in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, also known as prion diseases. However, the biology of the protein and the pathophysiology of these diseases remain largely unknown. It has been speculated that additional factor or factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. Recently, a PrP-like protein, recognized as shadow of prion protein （Shadoo, Sho）, is thought to be an interesting candidate factor because both the prion protein and Sho have been shown to have overlapping expression patterns and shared functions. Therefore, extensive study of Sho may advance our understanding of the enigmatical biology of prion and prion diseases. In this review, recent studies on Sho asso- ciated with prion diseases and functions are summarized. These studies have demonstrated the functional importance of Sho, and they further need to investigate its biological roles in prion diseases.     

Evidence for oxidative damage to prion protein in prion diseases

In prion diseases the irreversible protein structural transformation process is completed in the brains of mammals within a few months, the uniformly generated infectivity displays extraordinary resistance to inactivation, suggesting that a vital energy source is required for the production of infectious particles. Considering the high oxygen-respiration rate in the brains, prion protein oxidative damage can be the crucial factor. Both theoretical consideration of the nature of protein radical reactions and a large body of previously unraveled feature of scrapie and prion diseases have provided multiple distinct lines of compelling evidence which persuasively support a suggestion that the infectious agents may be prion (free) radicals produced from protein oxidative damage. This paper describes that scrapie prions are most likely formed from prion radicals and oxidative species-mediated sequence-specific cross-linking of benign prion proteins.     

The physical basis of how prion conformations determine strain phenotypes

A principle that has emerged from studies of protein aggregation is that proteins typically can misfold into a range of different aggregated forms. Moreover, the phenotypic and pathological consequences of protein aggregation depend critically on the specific misfolded form. A striking example of this is the prion strain phenomenon, in which prion particles composed of the same protein cause distinct heritable states. Accumulating evidence from yeast prions such as [PSI+] and mammalian prions argues that differences in the prion conformation underlie prion strain variants. Nonetheless, it remains poorly understood why changes in the conformation of misfolded proteins alter their physiological effects. Here we present and experimentally validate an analytical model describing how [PSI+] strain phenotypes arise from the dynamic interaction among the effects of prion dilution, competition for a limited pool of soluble protein, and conformation-dependent differences in prion growth and division rates. Analysis of three distinct prion conformations of yeast Sup35 (the [PSI+] protein determinant) and their in vivo phenotypes reveals that the Sup35 amyloid causing the strongest phenotype surprisingly shows the slowest growth. This slow growth, however, is more than compensated for by an increased brittleness that promotes prion division. The propensity of aggregates to undergo breakage, thereby generating new seeds, probably represents a key determinant of their physiological impact for both infectious (prion) and non-infectious amyloids.     

Generation of prion transmission barriers by mutational control of amyloid conformations

Self-propagating beta-sheet-rich protein aggregates are implicated in a wide range of protein-misfolding phenomena, including amyloid diseases and prion-based inheritance. Two properties have emerged as common features of amyloids. Amyloid formation is ubiquitous: many unrelated proteins form such aggregates and even a single polypeptide can misfold into multiple forms--a process that is thought to underlie prion strain variation. Despite this promiscuity, amyloid propagation can be highly sequence specific: amyloid fibres often fail to catalyse the aggregation of other amyloidogenic proteins. In prions, this specificity leads to barriers that limit transmission between species. Using the yeast prion [PSI+], we show in vitro that point mutations in Sup35p, the protein determinant of [PSI+], alter the range of 'infectious' conformations, which in turn changes amyloid seeding specificity. We generate a new transmission barrier in vivo by using these mutations to specifically disfavour subsets of prion strains. The ability of mutations to alter the conformations of amyloid states without preventing amyloid formation altogether provides a general mechanism for the generation of prion transmission barriers and may help to explain how mutations alter toxicity in conformational diseases.     

Antibodies inhibit prion propagation and clear cell cultures of prion infectivity

Prions are the transmissible pathogenic agents responsible for diseases such as scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. In the favoured model of prion replication, direct interaction between the pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc) template and endogenous cellular prion protein (PrPC) is proposed to drive the formation of nascent infectious prions. Reagents specifically binding either prion-protein conformer may interrupt prion production by inhibiting this interaction. We examined the ability of several recombinant antibody antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) to inhibit prion propagation in cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells (ScN2a) infected with PrPSc. Here we show that antibodies binding cell-surface PrPC inhibit PrPSc formation in a dose-dependent manner. In cells treated with the most potent antibody, Fab D18, prion replication is abolished and pre-existing PrPSc is rapidly cleared, suggesting that this antibody may cure established infection. The potent activity of Fab D18 is associated with its ability to better recognize the total population of PrPC molecules on the cell surface, and with the location of its epitope on PrPC. Our observations support the use of antibodies in the prevention and treatment of prion diseases and identify a region of PrPC for drug targeting.     

Prion protein remodelling confers an immediate phenotypic switch

In a variety of systems, proteins have been linked to processes historically limited to nucleic acids, such as infectivity and inheritance. These atypical proteins, termed prions, lack sequence homology but are collectively defined by their capacity to adopt multiple physical and therefore functional states in vivo. Newly synthesized prion protein generally adopts the form already present in the cell, and this in vivo folding bias directs the near faithful transmission of the corresponding phenotypic state. Switches between the prion and non-prion phenotypes can occur in vivo; however, the fate of existing protein during these transitions and its effects on the emergence of new traits remain major unanswered questions. Here, we determine the changes in protein-state that induce phenotypic switching for the yeast prion Sup35/[PSI(+)]. We show that the prion form does not need to be specified by an alternate misfolding pathway initiated during Sup35 synthesis but instead can be accessed by mature protein. This remodelling of protein from one stable form to another is accompanied by the loss of Sup35 activity, evoking a rapid change in cellular phenotype within a single cell cycle.     

朊病毒感染途径的研究进展

朊病毒病是一类能够感染人和其他动物的神经退行性传染病,其致死率高达100%,到目前为止尚无有效的治疗方法,该疾病直接威胁着人和动物的生命安全及健康。目前普遍认为该病的致病因子是一种结构异常的朊蛋白（PrPSc）,其主要入侵宿主的中枢神经系统,研究发现PrPSc主要通过消化系统、血液循环系统和外周神经系统途径进行复制并传播,然后进入中枢神经系统导致疾病发生。本文对PrPSc从外周组织器官入侵神经系统的途径进行综述,以理解朊病毒神经入侵的机制。