十六烷基二苯醚双磺酸钠的合成

以α-十六烯、二苯醚在催化剂的作用下合成十六烷基二苯醚,再采用氨基磺酸作为磺化剂,尿素为助溶剂成功合成了十六烷基二苯醚双磺酸钠,对合成过程中烷基化与磺化反应的工艺条件进行了优化。烷基化的最佳反应条件为:n(α-十六烯):n(二苯醚)=1:1,反应温度为80℃,反应时间为6h,烷基化的产率可达85.42%。磺化的最佳反应条件为:n(烷基二苯醚):n(氨基磺酸)=1:4,反应温度为95℃,反应时间为2h,磺酸基数目为1.84。     

乙二醇双硬脂酸酯双磺酸钠的合成及结构表征

运用两步法与正交试验法得出乙二醇双硬脂酸酯双磺酸钠合成的优化反应条件.磺化的工艺条件:n(硬脂酸):n(氯磺酸)=1:1.1,磺化温度90℃,时间7h;酯化反应较佳的工艺条件为:n(中间体):n(乙二醇)=2.5:1.0,酯化温度130℃,时间10h.中间体α-磺酸硬脂酸和目标产物乙二醇双硬脂酸酯双磺酸钠,均由红外光谱印证结构.     

一种糠醛型季铵盐的合成

采用糠醛、正丁胺及卤代烷为原料合成单长链糠醛型季铵盐N-甲基-N-丁基-N-十二烷基-2-呋喃-亚甲基碘化铵,考察了反应时间、物料配比和温度等因素对反应的影响.结果表明N-丁基-2-呋喃-亚胺、N-丁基-N-2-呋喃-亚甲基胺以及N-丁基-N-十二烷基-N-2-呋喃-亚甲基胺的最佳合成条件分别为:反应时间4h,n(糠醛)∶n(正丁胺)=1∶2,反应温度60℃;反应时间4h,n(亚胺)∶n(硼氢化钠)=1∶2.5,温度0～5℃;反应时间16h,n(N-丁基-N-2-呋喃-亚甲基胺)∶n(溴代十二烷)=1∶1.1,反应温度为80 ℃.质谱证实了产品结构,经两相滴定法测得活性物含量为95.1％;产品的cmc为0.000 2moL/L,γcmc为33.93 mN/m,表面活性较好.     

水溶性meso-四(4-氯-3-磺酸钠苯基)卟啉合成的改进

以非水溶性卟啉为原料合成水溶性卟啉meso-四(4-氯-3-磺酸钠苯基)卟啉,氯仿作溶剂,氯磺酸作为磺化试剂,与meso-四(4-氯苯基)卟啉反应,并确定其最佳反应条件为n(卟啉):n(氯磺酸)=1.33:29.80,氯仿15 mL,温度60 ℃,反应时间2 h.该法较传统磺化方法反应温度低60～80 ℃且易于控制,不产生粘稠状的副产物,产物易于分离纯化,产率达11.4 %.     

3,6-位不对称二取代咔唑衍生物的合成研究

以咔唑为主要合成原料,通过N-烷基化、付克酰基化、硝化以及付克烷基化等反应合成了两个结构新颖的3,6-位不对称二取代咔唑衍生物.探讨了原料摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度及反应时间等因素对反应的影响,得到最佳反应条件:(1)傅克酰基化反应:n(N-乙基咔唑)∶n(三氯化铝)∶n(乙酰氯)=1∶1.2∶1.5,反应温度室温,反应时间4 h,产品收率82%;(2)硝化反应:n(N-乙基咔唑)∶n(65%硝酸)=1∶1.15,反应温度5~10℃,反应时间2 h,产品收率89%;(3)傅克烷基化反应:n(3-乙酰基-N-乙基咔唑)∶n(氯化锌)∶n(叔丁基氯)=1∶1.5∶1.5,反应温度室温,反应时间12 h,产品收率64%.所得产品结构经FTIR1、H NMR1、3C NMR、及MS表征.     

甲硝唑双季铵盐的合成及杀菌性能研究

以环氧氯丙烷(ECH)、十二烷基二甲基胺(DMA12)、甲硝唑(MDZ)、盐酸(HCl)为原料合成了一种甲硝唑改性双季铵盐,应用正交实验和单因素实验以收率为指标研究了双季铵盐的合成条件,以绝迹稀释法对其杀菌性能进行了评价.结果表明:在反应温度80℃、物质的量比n(ECH)∶n(DMA12)∶n(MDZ)∶n(HCl)=0.5∶1.0∶1.0∶1.0、反应时间12h时,收率达78%.质量浓度为20mg·L-1的目标产物对SRB、TGB的杀菌率均达到100%,杀菌效果显著优于1227.     

2-辛基十二烷基缩水甘油醚的合成

以固体氢氧化钠、格尔伯特二十醇和环氧氯丙烷为原料,采用四丁基溴化铵为相转移催化剂,合成了2-辛基十二烷基缩水甘油醚。讨论了原料摩尔比、四丁基溴化铵的用量、反应温度、反应时间对反应产率的影响。最终确定最佳反应条件是:n(格尔伯特二十醇)∶n(环氧氯丙烷)∶n(固体氢氧化钠)=1.00∶1.15∶1.20;四丁基溴化铵用量为0.05(相对醇的摩尔比);反应温度为50℃;反应时间为4 h。在此条件下可得产率为79.8%的2-辛基十二烷基缩水甘油醚,用盐酸-丙酮法测得其环氧值为0.232。最终产物结构通过红外光谱分析得到证实。     

α-蒎烯-马来酰胺基乙醇非离子表面活性剂的合成

在无催化剂的条件下,用α-蒎烯-马来酸酐加成物与二乙醇胺反应合成α-蒎烯-马来酰胺基乙醇非离子表面活性剂,较佳的工艺条件为n(α-蒎烯-马来酸酐)∶n(二乙醇胺)=1∶2.2,反应温度140℃,反应时间4 h,收率达81%以上.用IR、TLC、MS1、H NMR等多种方法对产物进行分析和表征,并测得产物的临界胶束浓度(CMC)为0.03 mol/L,此时的表面张力σ为32.0 mN/m.     

meso-四(4-甲氧基-3-磺酸钠苯基) 卟啉合成方法的改进

对meso-四(4-甲氧基-3-磺酸钠苯基)卟啉的合成方法进行了改进,并确定了最佳反应条件:n(卟啉):n(氯磺酸)=1.4:29.8,氯仿15mL,温度25℃,反应30min.改进后的方法与文献报道的方法相比,反应温度低55℃且易于控制,磺化试剂用量少,反应时间短,不产生粘稠状的副产物,产物易于分离纯化,产率达98.6%.     

脂肪醇琥珀酸酯磺酸盐的合成及性能

通过正交实验确定脂肪醇琥珀酸酯的合成工艺条件.酯化反应较佳的工艺条件为：n（十二醇）：n（马来酸酐）=2.4：1.0,酯化温度为170℃,时间是2.5 h;磺化的工艺条件：n（酯）：n（亚硫酸氢钠）=1.0：3.0,磺化的温度是85℃,时间是6 h.通过红外光谱分析,确定了产品的化学性能,产物的主要物性为：表面张力、临界胶束浓度、钙皂分散力、乳化性能、润湿力.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with