光波干涉采样示波器

光频梳技术是本世纪初随着飞秒激光技术、非线性光学的飞速发展应运而起的一项重要的精密频率测量技术.它跨越了射频和光频电磁波谱之间长期存在的技术鸿沟,通过频率和相位的相干关系将二者巧妙的衔接,在时间频率标准、精密光谱计量以及基础物理学常数的高精度测量等领域具有举足轻重的应用价值.正因为The-odor W.H?nsch(本文第一作者)和John L.Hall以光频梳技术为代表的激光精密测量技术领域的杰出贡献,二人同Roy J.Glauber(光相干量子理论的贡献)共同分享了2005年诺贝尔物理学奖.从光频梳的基本原理出发,解释了光频梳技术基本概念,稳定工作的光频梳以及作为高精密的频率测量技术,光频梳主要的应用领域等.同时回顾了作者研发光频梳技术的初衷,即用于研究氢原子的精密光谱,验证量子电动力学理论,提高里德堡常数和质子电荷半径等物理学基本常数体系的测量精度.介绍了通过双光频梳实现高精密的光谱直接测量技术,包括该技术的原理以及在气体分子精密光谱测量方面的应用,举例说明了基于双光频梳的光谱直接测量技术在频率分辨率和灵敏度方面相对于传统光频梳表现出来的显著优势.实验验证了单光子水平的光频梳光谱测量可行性,指出其在极紫外或甚至在软x射线这些产生少量光子的应用领域的应用前景.最后介绍了微小区域实现厘米级尺寸的光学腔的脉冲激光的激发、片上稳定的双光频梳实现等微型光频梳和片上光谱系统集成等关键技术和解决方案,并分析了片上光频梳光谱测量系统的发展和应用前景.     

光纤通信中非线性香农极限的突破——光频梳应用及发展趋势

 受限于光纤克尔非线性效应对传输信号质量的影响,光纤通信系统的传输速率和容量难以突破非线性香农极限的限制。利用光频梳的相干特性结合数字信号处理技术突破了早期非线性香农极限的传输性能,有望开启光频梳在下一代光纤通信领域研究的新时代。本文介绍光频梳的定义及产生机制、光频梳在信息通信系统中的最新典型应用、基于光频梳和通信信号处理技术在其他物理科学领域中的交叉应用,探讨了光频梳技术的未来发展方向。     

光频梳技术在微波光子学中的应用

 光频梳是一种具有若干等频率间隔和窄线宽的相干谱线的一种新型光源。本文介绍了国内外电光调制和非线性微腔等光频梳产生技术,并分析了其在微波光子信号生成、变换和接收等方面的应用及前景。     

量子霍尔电阻的精密测量

1980年冯·克里青教授利用MOSEFT在低温强磁场中发现量子霍尔效应,其量子霍尔电阻(QHR)为:R_H=h/(ne~2),(1)式中,e为电子电荷;h为普朗克常数;n为整数.上式表明,量子霍尔电阻只与基本物理常数h/e~2有关,与材质和样品的几何尺寸无关.因此,可利用它来建立电阻的自然基准和测量精细结构常数.为了用它建立电阻自然基准,许多国家的实验室都进行了量子霍尔电阻的精密测量,最高测量不确定度已达1×10~(-8).1988年第18届国际计量大会(CGPM)及第77届国际计量委员会(CIPM)作出决议:“自1990年1月1日起,国际上将同时正式启用以约瑟夫逊常数和冯·克里青常数的国际公认值为基础的电学计量新基准复现电压单位和电阻单位.作为量子霍尔电阻的公认值——冯·克里青常数     

基于量子逻辑技术的铝离子光频标研究进展

光频标(光钟)在时间及长度定义、基本物理常数及其随时间变化的测量、相对论检验、甚长基线干涉仪、测地学以及全球卫星导航定位等领域都有广泛的应用.一台光频标由超稳激光、光梳和囚禁的离子或原子组成.其准确度受到多普勒频移、塞曼频移、斯塔克频移、碰撞频移、黑体辐射频移等的影响.其中黑体辐射频移是对于系统误差影响较难评估也较难控制的一项,而铝离子在目前所有正在发展的光频标里面是黑体辐射频移最小的一个,其不确定度仅有4.0×10~(-19),因此铝离子光频标是很有前途的一种光频标.本文将分别介绍光频标的3个组成部分,以及当前基于量子逻辑技术铝离子频标的基本原理和华中科技大学的最新研究进展.     

从匹配稳定理论到市场设计实践——解读2012年度诺贝尔经济学奖

<正>瑞典皇家科学院10月15日给出的答案是,将2012年诺贝尔经济学奖授予美国经济学家阿尔文·罗思(Alvin E.Roth)和劳埃德·沙普利(Lloyd S.Shapley),以表彰他们在匹配稳定领域所作的研究。杰出的经济工程案例瑞典皇家科学院常任秘书诺尔马克当天中午13时(北京时间19时)在皇家科学院会议厅用瑞典语和英语宣读了获奖者名单。他说,罗思和沙普利因在匹配稳定理论和市场设计实践方面的研究贡献而获奖。随后,诺贝尔经济学奖评选委员会主席佩尔·克鲁塞尔和其他评委介绍了获奖     

阿罗什 畅想量子的美好世界

<正>10月9日,瑞典皇家科学院诺贝尔奖委员会宣布,由于在量子光学领域所取得的杰出成就,法国科学家塞尔日·阿罗什和美国科学家大卫·瓦恩兰共同获得2012年度诺贝尔物理学奖。塞尔日·阿罗什出生在摩洛哥卡萨布兰卡,父亲是犹太人,母亲是俄罗斯人,他的妻子则是一名人类学和社会学家,他的祖父曾在摩洛哥"法语联盟"从事法语教学工作。在他12岁那年,阿罗什举家迁居法国。其实早在获得诺奖之前,阿罗什已经是法国乃至世界范围内量子光学领域的杰出人物。2009年,阿罗什获得法国国家科     

Fenton试剂改性单壁碳管的FTIR和Raman光谱研究

单壁碳纳米管SWNTS(single-walled carbon nanotubes)经焙烧和浓盐酸纯化处理后,使用Fenton试剂对碳管进行化学改性处理,研究羟基自由基(·OH)对碳管表面和结构的影响,并运用红外光谱(FTIR)和拉曼光谱(Raman)进行了表征.FTIR结果表明,改性后碳管结构中主要引入羟基和羰基等含氧官能团;Raman光谱分析表明,随着处理时间的不断增加,单壁碳管D线和G线的强度之比即ID/IG的比值也不断增加.根据改性前后碳管的FTIR和Raman光谱变化,探讨了·OH与单壁碳管作用的可能机理.机理分析表明,这些含氧官能团可以看作是具有强亲电性和强氧化性的·OH对碳管上缺陷位置和不饱和键进行攻击的结果.     

平板式光生物反应器的Parietochloris incisa超高密度培养

利用平板式光生物反应器对一种新分离的微藻Parietochlorisincisa进行了室外放大培养研究。在最适培养条件下 ,实现了对该微藻的超高密度培养 ,使单位培养体积和单位培养面积的细胞生物量分别达到了 7.35g/ (L·d)和 96 .12 g/ (m2 ·d)     

微等离子体

本文作者约翰·J·博林杰(John J.Bollinger)和戴维·J·瓦因兰(David J.Wineland)是美国国家标准和技术研究所的物理学家。他们关于微等离子体的研究是在发展储存离子高分辨率光谱技术中逐渐形成的。     

基准原子钟的发展及国家授时中心光学原子钟的研制进展

本文简要介绍了基准原子钟的发展历程;目前,光学原子钟的频率不确定度已达到了10-18量级,是现在人们公认的最可能新的时间基准.国家授时中心担负着国家综合原子时的建立和保持,是国际原子时TAI建立的主要参加单位.文中介绍了国家授时中心锶光学原子钟研制工作的最新进展.     

Molecular fingerprinting with the resolved modes of a femtosecond laser frequency comb

The control of the broadband frequency comb emitted from a mode-locked femtosecond laser has permitted a wide range of scientific and technological advances--ranging from the counting of optical cycles for next-generation atomic clocks to measurements of phase-sensitive high-field processes. A unique advantage of the stabilized frequency comb is that it provides, in a single laser beam, about a million optical modes with very narrow linewidths and absolute frequency positions known to better than one part in 10(15) (ref. 5). One important application of this vast array of highly coherent optical fields is precision spectroscopy, in which a large number of modes can be used to map internal atomic energy structure and dynamics. However, an efficient means of simultaneously identifying, addressing and measuring the amplitude or relative phase of individual modes has not existed. Here we use a high-resolution disperser to separate the individual modes of a stabilized frequency comb into a two-dimensional array in the image plane of the spectrometer. We illustrate the power of this technique for high-resolution spectral fingerprinting of molecular iodine vapour, acquiring in a few milliseconds absorption images covering over 6 THz of bandwidth with high frequency resolution. Our technique for direct and parallel accessing of stabilized frequency comb modes could find application in high-bandwidth spread-spectrum communications with increased security, high-resolution coherent quantum control, and arbitrary optical waveform synthesis with control at the optical radian level.     

声光调制正反馈环路的实验研究

通过研究声光调制器的原理及性能,设计了两种声光调制器的正反馈光学环路。一种环路可以提高声光调制器衍射效率,另一种环路可以实现光学频率梳。     

An optical lattice clock

The precision measurement of time and frequency is a prerequisite not only for fundamental science but also for technologies that support broadband communication networks and navigation with global positioning systems (GPS). The SI second is currently realized by the microwave transition of Cs atoms with a fractional uncertainty of 10(-15) (ref. 1). Thanks to the optical frequency comb technique, which established a coherent link between optical and radio frequencies, optical clocks have attracted increasing interest as regards future atomic clocks with superior precision. To date, single trapped ions and ultracold neutral atoms in free fall have shown record high performance that is approaching that of the best Cs fountain clocks. Here we report a different approach, in which atoms trapped in an optical lattice serve as quantum references. The 'optical lattice clock' demonstrates a linewidth one order of magnitude narrower than that observed for neutral-atom optical clocks, and its stability is better than that of single-ion clocks. The transition frequency for the Sr lattice clock is 429,228,004,229,952(15) Hz, as determined by an optical frequency comb referenced to the SI second.     

激子效应对抛物量子点中光电导的影响

利用记忆函数方法研究了抛物量子点中的光电导,并导出了光电导的解析表达式.以典型的GaAs/Ga1-xAlxAs抛物量子点为例作了数值计算,结果表明,在弱耦合区域,随着抛物势频率的增加,光电导会随之增强,而在强耦合区域,光电导会随之减弱;在弱耦合区域,随着抛物势频率的增加,光电导峰会向左漂移,而且抛物势频率越大,光电导曲线越不对称;考虑了激子效应后的光电导比未考虑激子效应的光电导大了10%以上.     

Quantum information and many body physics with cold atoms

We review our recent theoretical advances in quantum information and many body physics with cold atoms in various external potential, such as harmonic potential, kagome optical lattice, triangular optical lattice, and honeycomb lattice. The many body physics of cold atom in harmonic potential is investigated in the frame of mean-field Gross-Pitaevskii equation. Then the quantum phase transition and strongly correlated effect of cold atoms in triangular optical lattice, and the interacting Dirac fermions on honeycomb lattice, are investigated by using cluster dynamical mean-field theory and continuous time quantum Monte Carlo method. We also study the quantum spin Hall effect in the kagome optical lattice.     

Optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic microresonator

Optical frequency combs provide equidistant frequency markers in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet, and can be used to link an unknown optical frequency to a radio or microwave frequency reference. Since their inception, frequency combs have triggered substantial advances in optical frequency metrology and precision measurements and in applications such as broadband laser-based gas sensing and molecular fingerprinting. Early work generated frequency combs by intra-cavity phase modulation; subsequently, frequency combs have been generated using the comb-like mode structure of mode-locked lasers, whose repetition rate and carrier envelope phase can be stabilized. Here we report a substantially different approach to comb generation, in which equally spaced frequency markers are produced by the interaction between a continuous-wave pump laser of a known frequency with the modes of a monolithic ultra-high-Q microresonator via the Kerr nonlinearity. The intrinsically broadband nature of parametric gain makes it possible to generate discrete comb modes over a 500-nm-wide span (approximately 70 THz) around 1,550 nm without relying on any external spectral broadening. Optical-heterodyne-based measurements reveal that cascaded parametric interactions give rise to an optical frequency comb, overcoming passive cavity dispersion. The uniformity of the mode spacing has been verified to within a relative experimental precision of 7.3 x 10(-18). In contrast to femtosecond mode-locked lasers, this work represents a step towards a monolithic optical frequency comb generator, allowing considerable reduction in size, complexity and power consumption. Moreover, the approach can operate at previously unattainable repetition rates, exceeding 100 GHz, which are useful in applications where access to individual comb modes is required, such as optical waveform synthesis, high capacity telecommunications or astrophysical spectrometer calibration.