不同发育阶段社会隔离对成年大鼠潜伏抑制的影响

观察青春期和成年早期社会隔离对不同发育阶段大鼠的潜伏抑制的影响,并进一步探讨其神经机制.实验1: 雄性Wistar大鼠在PND38-51天被给予2周的社会隔离,然后分别在PND52天及恢复2周群居后的PND66天,即青春期和成年早期,测定潜伏抑制;实验2: 雄性Wistar大鼠在PND58-71天被给予2周的社会隔离,然后分别在PND72天及恢复2周群居后的PND86天,测定潜伏抑制;实验3: 利用实验1的社会隔离模式,然后在PND52天及PND66天测定其伏隔核的多巴胺水平.实验发现: 1) 青春期社会隔离不影响青春期大鼠的潜伏抑制及伏隔核多巴胺水平,但能诱发成年早期大鼠的潜伏抑制缺失及伏隔核内多巴胺水平的提高;2) 成年早期的社会隔离不影响大鼠的潜伏抑制.实验结果表明: 与成年早期社会隔离相比,青春期社会隔离能诱发大鼠的潜伏抑制缺失,且此行为异常直至成年期后才表现出来,伏隔核的多巴胺可能和参与这一过程的神经机制相关.     

Brain Emotional Oscillatory Activity for Anger Revealed by Event-Related Spectral Perturbation

In order to find out the special cognitive emotional information to reach good accuracy in the recognition of anger emotions, the brain emotional oscillatory activity induced by relaxation and anger affective pictures is investigated in the amplitude measurement. A visual evoked affective experiment is designed and carried out to collect the electroencephalogram(EEG)data labeled with anger and relaxation emotion states. Twenty-one healthy college students(female 9, male 12) are employed to stimulate emotion by different affective pictures. Event-Related Spectral Perturbation(ERSP) is used to discover the pronounced features of anger tendency prediction in the time-frequency domain. ERSP maps exhibit that there is a difference between the female and male group, which is statistically significant within the 150-250 ms and 350-450 ms time range of alpha band. The male group is more susceptible to anger than female group, while the female group is faster in emotional regulation than the male group.These feature values could be used to identify the tendency of angry emotion, which can provide certain reference basis for further research on the predict the tendency of aggressive behavior.     

Glyoxalase 1 and glutathione reductase 1 regulate anxiety in mice

Anxiety and fear are normal emotional responses to threatening situations. In human anxiety disorders--such as panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobias and generalized anxiety disorder--these responses are exaggerated. The molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of normal and pathological anxiety are mostly unknown. However, the availability of different inbred strains of mice offers an excellent model system in which to study the genetics of certain behavioural phenotypes. Here we report, using a combination of behavioural analysis of six inbred mouse strains with quantitative gene expression profiling of several brain regions, the identification of 17 genes with expression patterns that correlate with anxiety-like behavioural phenotypes. To determine if two of the genes, glyoxalase 1 and glutathione reductase 1, have a causal role in the genesis of anxiety, we performed genetic manipulation using lentivirus-mediated gene transfer. Local overexpression of these genes in the mouse brain resulted in increased anxiety-like behaviour, while local inhibition of glyoxalase 1 expression by RNA interference decreased the anxiety-like behaviour. Both of these genes are involved in oxidative stress metabolism, linking this pathway with anxiety-related behaviour.     

浅析社会保障房建造的区位选址

目前我国保障性住房建造区相对孤立,周边没有配套的居住区或没有规划配套性设施,加上低收入人群社会购买力不强,从而造成商业服务设施空闲不能正常营业,附近的经济发展迟缓。应通过借鉴国外优秀住房保障体系的经验,有针对性地研究保障性住房规划与建设的区域特色,使商品房、保障性住房项目配套建设,达到和谐统一。     

野生成年棕色田鼠社会行为研究

对成年棕色田鼠 (Microtusmandarinus)的社会行为进行了实验室观察 .结果发现 ,当陌生的两只雄鼠相遇时 ,优势雄鼠和从属雄鼠间的社会行为有明显的区别 ,优势鼠接近、攻击、追赶对方的频次和持续时间明显的多于从属鼠 ,而从属鼠逃离和防御行为多于优势鼠 ;优势鼠的体重明显的大于从属鼠 ,而且攻击行为和社会探究行为的频次与体重呈正相关 ,非社会行为无明显的差别 .但当两只熟悉的雄鼠相遇时 ,则比陌生雄鼠相遇表现出较多的喜好行为和较少的攻击行为 .观察还发现 ,单独生活的异性个体相遇时表现出较少的攻击行为和较多的喜好行为 ;相反 ,和其它家庭成员生活的两个陌生异性个体相遇时表现出较多的攻击行为 .两个雌性相遇和两个雄性相遇表现出相似的行为模式 .以上结果表明 ,熟悉性、性别、个体大小、接触近况是影响棕色田鼠社会行为的重要因子 .     

Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others

The neural processes underlying empathy are a subject of intense interest within the social neurosciences. However, very little is known about how brain empathic responses are modulated by the affective link between individuals. We show here that empathic responses are modulated by learned preferences, a result consistent with economic models of social preferences. We engaged male and female volunteers in an economic game, in which two confederates played fairly or unfairly, and then measured brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging while these same volunteers observed the confederates receiving pain. Both sexes exhibited empathy-related activation in pain-related brain areas (fronto-insular and anterior cingulate cortices) towards fair players. However, these empathy-related responses were significantly reduced in males when observing an unfair person receiving pain. This effect was accompanied by increased activation in reward-related areas, correlated with an expressed desire for revenge. We conclude that in men (at least) empathic responses are shaped by valuation of other people's social behaviour, such that they empathize with fair opponents while favouring the physical punishment of unfair opponents, a finding that echoes recent evidence for altruistic punishment.     

Divergent sexual selection enhances reproductive isolation in sticklebacks

Sexual selection may facilitate speciation because it can cause rapid evolutionary diversification of male mating signals and female preferences. Divergence in these traits can then contribute to reproductive isolation. The sensory drive hypothesis predicts that three mechanisms underlie divergence in sexually selected traits: (1) habitat-specific transmission of male signals; (2) adaptation of female perceptual sensitivity to local ecological conditions; and (3) matching of male signals to female perceptual sensitivity. I test these mechanisms in threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus spp.) that live in different light environments. Here I show that female perceptual sensitivity to red light varies with the extent of redshift in the light environment, and contributes to divergent preferences. Male nuptial colour varies with environment and is tuned to female perceptual sensitivity. The extent of divergence among populations in both male signal colour and female preference for red is correlated with the extent of reproductive isolation in these recently diverged species. These results demonstrate that divergent sexual selection generated by sensory drive contributes to speciation.     

Evidence that sensory traps can evolve into honest signals

Conventional models explaining extreme sexual ornaments propose that these reflect male genetic quality or are arbitrary results of genetic linkage between female preference and the ornament. The chase-away model emphasizes sexual conflict: male signals attract females because they exploit receiver biases. As males gain control of mating decisions, females may experience fitness costs through suboptimal mating rates or post-copulatory exploitation. Elaboration of male signals is expected if females increase their response threshold to resist such exploitation. If ornaments target otherwise adaptive biases such as feeding responses, selection on females might eventually separate sexual and non-sexual responses to the signal. Here we show that the terminal yellow band (TYB) of several Goodeinae species evokes both feeding and sexual responses; sexual responsiveness phylogenetically pre-dates the expression of the TYB in males and is comparable across taxa, yet feeding responsiveness decreases in species with more elaborated TYBs. Displaying a TYB is costly, and thus provides an example where a trait arose as a sensory trap but has evolved into an honest signal.     

Sympatric speciation by sexual selection

There is increasing evidence for the process of sympatric speciation, in which reproductive isolation of species occurs without physical isolation. Theoretical models have focused on disruptive natural selection as the crucial pressure for splitting a species. Here we report the theoretical finding that sympatric speciation may be caused by sexual selection even without disruptive natural selection. Specifically, we show that variation in a male secondary sexual character with two conspicuous extremes and the corresponding variance in female mating preference around no preference may jointly evolve into bimodal distributions with increasing modal divergence of the male and female traits, pulling a population apart into two prezygotically isolated populations. This mode of speciation, driven by two runaway processes in different directions, is promoted by an increase in the efficiency of females in discriminating among males or a decrease in the cost of male conspicuousness, indicating that sympatric speciation may occur more readily if barrier-free or predator-free conditions arise. Although even a slight cost of female preference would cancel the runaway process of sexual selection, it would not cancel the divergent runaway processes of sympatric speciation.     

Disruptive sexual selection for plumage coloration in a passerine bird

The theory of sexual selection was developed to explain the evolution of highly exaggerated sexual ornaments. Now supported by vast empirical evidence, sexual selection is generally considered to favour individuals with the most extreme trait expression. Here we describe disruptive selection on a sexual ornament, plumage coloration, in yearling male lazuli buntings (Passerina amoena). In habitats with limited good-quality nesting cover, the dullest and the brightest yearlings were more successful in obtaining high-quality territories, pairing with females and siring offspring, than yearlings with intermediate plumage. This pattern reflects the way that territorial adult males vary levels of aggression to influence the structure of their social neighbourhood. Adult males showed less aggression towards dull yearlings than intermediate and bright ones, permitting the dull yearlings to settle on good territories nearby. Fitness comparisons based on paternity analyses showed that both the adults and dull yearlings benefited genetically from this arrangement, revealing a rare example of sexually selected male-male cooperation.     

大学生情感幸福感的影响因素

为增进大学生情绪健康提供依据,探讨大学生情感幸福感的特点及影响因素。通过分层随机抽取502名大学生,采用情感幸福感量表、社会支持评定量表、应付方式问卷进行调查。结果表明大学生积极情感显著多于消极情感,男生的消极情感显著高于女生。社会支持与积极情感显著正相关,与消极情感显著负相关;成熟型应付方式与积极情感显著正相关,与消极情感显著负相关,不成熟型应付方式则正好相反。解决问题、自责、主观支持、支持利用能预测积极情感23．1％的变异量,解决问题、自责、幻想、合理化、客观支持能预测消极情感36．1％的变异量。因而社会支持、应付方式是大学生情感幸福感的重要影响因素。     

Parthenogenesis in Komodo dragons

Parthenogenesis, the production of offspring without fertilization by a male, is rare in vertebrate species, which usually reproduce after fusion of male and female gametes. Here we use genetic fingerprinting to identify parthenogenetic offspring produced by two female Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis) that had been kept at separate institutions and isolated from males; one of these females subsequently produced additional offspring sexually. This reproductive plasticity indicates that female Komodo dragons may switch between asexual and sexual reproduction, depending on the availability of a mate--a finding that has implications for the breeding of this threatened species in captivity. Most zoos keep only females, with males being moved between zoos for mating, but perhaps they should be kept together to avoid triggering parthenogenesis and thereby decreasing genetic diversity.     

Chemical communication: chirality in elephant pheromones

Musth in male elephants is an annual period of heightened sexual activity and aggression that is linked to physical, sexual and social maturation. It is mediated by the release of chemical signals such as the pheromone frontalin, which exists in two chiral forms (molecular mirror images, or enantiomers). Here we show that enantiomers of frontalin are released by Asian elephants in a specific ratio that depends on the animal's age and stage of musth, and that different responses are elicited in male and female conspecifics when the ratio alters. This precise control of communication by molecular chirality offers insight into societal interactions in elephants, and may be useful in implementing new conservation protocols.     

Dopamine-mediated modulation of odour-evoked amygdala potentials during pavlovian conditioning

Pavlovian conditioning results when an innocuous stimulus, such as an odour, is paired with a behaviourally relevant stimulus, such as a foot-shock, so that eventually the former stimulus alone will elicit the behavioural response of the latter. The lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LAT) is necessary for the emotional memory formation in this paradigm. Enhanced neuronal firing in LAT to conditioned stimuli emerge in parallel with the behavioural changes and are dependent on local dopamine. To study the changes in neuronal excitability and synaptic drive that contribute to the pavlovian conditioning process, here we used in vivo intracellular recordings to examine LAT neurons during pavlovian conditioning in rats. We found that repeated pairings of an odour with a foot-shock resulted in enhanced post-synaptic potential (PSP) responses to the odour and increased neuronal excitability. However, a non-paired odour displayed PSP decrement. The dopamine antagonist haloperidol blocked the PSP enhancement and associated increased neuronal excitability, without reversing previous conditioning. These results demonstrate that conditioning and habituation processes produce opposite effects on LAT neurons and that dopamine is important in these events, consistent with its role in emotional memory formation.     

新冠肺炎疫情下民众的情绪健康和社会心态现状

 为了解当前疫情下中国公众的情绪状况和社会心态,对2020年2月18-20日、2月21-22日的两项线上公众调查数据进行分析,结果表明：近1/3的调查对象存在一定程度的抑郁症状,22.4%存在明显的焦虑症状;与2008年的全国调查相比,当前民众的抑郁水平更高;在各类职业群体中,失业人群的焦虑和抑郁问题突出,私营企业、个体经营和创业者的心理健康状况偏低;社会心态方面,公众处于不同的心理阶段,部分存在抑郁、愤怒倾向;在压力下公众有更强的利他倾向,特别是对医务工作者有更强的支持意愿。调查结果显示,当前的心理健康工作十分必要,疫情当下需继续加强公众心理健康科普宣传和心理疏导,逐步着手预防和应对疫情后的心理健康问题,并在未来加强社会心理服务体系建设、提高公众心理健康素养。     

制动致福利受损大鼠部分行为学改变及其体内NF-κB的变化

目的 观察制动致福利受损SD大鼠部分行为学改变以及体内NF-κB的变化。方法 选取体质量约200 g的雄性SD大鼠,使用管状容器给予束缚应激刺激,并通过旷场实验和O迷宫观测大鼠在第0、1、3、7、10、14天的行为学表现。测定了相应时期的NF-κB p65 mRNA转录水平和蛋白表达量。结果 束缚第3天起,大鼠肝脏组织NF-κB p65 mRNA转录水平和蛋白表达均较束缚前显著增高 (P< 0.05),但此时尚未见行为学改变;束缚第7天起大鼠的活动兴趣与活动能力水平较束缚前显著下降 (P< 0.05),显示焦虑、恐惧状态。结论 制动致福利受损大鼠肝细胞内NF-κB mRNA及蛋白表达的变化早于行为学的改变。     

Glycyl glutamine, an inhibitory neuropeptide derived from beta-endorphin

The primary mechanism of activation of intracellular prohormones seems to involve proteolytic cleavage at sequences of consecutive basic residues. Thus, all the known biologically active peptides derived from the prohormone of corticotropin and beta-endorphin appear to be excised initially by enzymes with this specificity. The C-terminal peptide, beta-endorphin (1-31), is generated by cleavage at a lysyl arginine sequence and an additional cleavage can give rise to the related peptides, beta-endorphin (1-27) and beta-endorphin (1-26). These derivatives of beta-endorphin are released by an endopeptidase that appears to catalyse cleavage on the carboxyl side of paired lysine residues, followed by the action of a carboxypeptidase B-like enzyme (Fig. 1). The beta-endorphin fragments, beta-endorphin (1-27) and beta-endorphin (1-26), have been isolated from porcine and bovine pituitary but the C-terminal dipeptide, glycyl glutamine, has not been reported previously. Here we describe the isolation of glycyl glutamine from porcine pituitary and present evidence for its presence in sheep brain stem. When applied ionophoretically to brain stem neurones in the rat, the dipeptide exhibited an inhibitory action on cell firing.     

Localization of a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 5

Schizophrenia is a common disorder with a life time prevalence of approximately 1 per cent. The illness often develops in young adults, who were previously normal, and is characterized by a constellation of symptoms including hallucinations and delusions (psychotic symptoms) and symptoms such as severely inappropriate emotional responses, a disorder of thinking and concentration, erratic behaviour as well as social and occupational deterioration. A considerable proportion of the variance in the liability to develop schizophrenia may be genetic, but segregation analysis, to establish a mode of transmission, has not produced a consistent result. One of these studies was carried out in Iceland and made use of the large family size and extensive geneaological information present in that country. Here we demonstrate genetic linkage of two DNA polymorphisms on the long arm of human chromosome 5 to schizophrenia in seven British and Icelandic families with multiple affected members. The results indicate the existence of a gene locus with a dominant schizophrenia-susceptibility allele. Inheritance of the allele in the families studied suggests that it may also predispose to psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia spectrum disorders and a variety of other disorders. This report provides the first strong evidence for the involvement of a single gene in the causation of schizophrenia.     

Rapid deposition of subcutaneous areolar tissue in response to sexual stimulation in mice

Many of the reproductive processes of house mice are regulated exteroceptively by social cues. Puberty in a female mouse, for example, is a labile event that can be accelerated markedly if the young female is housed with an adult male. The relevant male stimuli in this case are a combination of pheromonal and tactile cues. The female's responses to these cues include an immediate, sequential release of gonadotropic and ovarian hormones, which in turn evoke a series of predictable changes in most of the female's reproductive tissues and culminate in the pubertal ovulation. I report here an unexpected consequence of exposing a young female mouse to a male, namely an intense response of a non-reproductive tissue. Specifically, young female mice experience a rapid thickening of their subcutaneous areolar tissue when they are exposed to males. The proximal cause of this response seems to be largely, but not exclusively, an enhanced secretion of ovarian oestrogen.     

Blast fungus-induction and developmental and tissue-specific expression of a rice P450<Emphasis Type="Italic">CYP72A</Emphasis> gene cluster

Cytochrome P450 gene superfamily is widely involved in diverse processes of plant development and environmental responses including defense response to pathogens.We previously isolated a rice cDNA fragment in a DD-PCR screening for blast fungus-induced genes. In the current study, we isolated a CYP72A gene cluster consisting of 7 P450 CYP72A genes (CYP72A17-23) with the conserved cDNA sequence through the public rice genome data. There are total 14 putative CYP72A members in the rice genome, with high diversity at N-terminal sequences while high homology at C-terminal sequences of those 14 putative proteins. We analyzed expression profiles of the cloned 7 CYP72A genes during pathogen infection and development. The results showed that expression of CYP72A18, 19, 22 and 23 was differentially regulated in the incompatible and compatible interactions between rice and blast fungus. Except CYP72A20, a pseudogene, other 6 CYP72A genes also exhibited temporal and spatial expression patterns, respectively.These findings provide fundamental data for rice P450 gene function analysis.