拟南芥PIN2介导的生长素极性运输调控植物根向地性

主要观察了拟南芥生长素输出载体PIN2及其介导的极性运输、生长素诱导合成对根尖生长素不对称分布和根向地性反应的影响.结果表明:拟南芥PIN2基因突变、诱导内源生长素IAA及用抑制剂NPA或TIBA抑制生长素极性运输都严重影响了根尖生长素不对称分布的形成,最终抑制植物根向地性反应,暗示PIN2介导的生长素极性运输和生长素不对称分布在根向地性反应中起着关键性调控作用.从这些研究结果可进一步理解生长素调控植物根向地性的分子机理.     

对氨基苯甲酸在拟南芥根生长发育中对生长素运输的调控

为探究对氨基苯甲酸(PABA)影响拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)根部生长发育的作用机制,以野生型和DR5∷GUS转基因拟南芥为实验材料,研究了PABA外源处理对根系形态结构和生长素运输的影响.结果表明:200μmol/L PABA可以明显抑制拟南芥幼苗主根生长并促进侧根和根毛的发育.PABA可增强生长素类似物2,4-D对幼苗主根生长的抑制作用和对根毛伸长的促进作用;相反,PABA可在一定程度上减弱生长素运输抑制剂NPA对幼苗主根和根毛生长发育的抑制作用.此外,PABA可诱导拟南芥根尖生长素的积累以及生长素极性运输相关基因PIN1、PIN3和AUX1的表达.综上所述,PABA可调节根部生长素运输和分布,在拟南芥根生长发育过程中起重要作用.     

AhHDA1影响花生毛状根生长的研究

花生组蛋白去乙酰化酶AhHDA1转到花生毛状根中超表达后,短侧根的毛状根比例增加. 基因表达检测结果显示,AhHDA1超表达后上调了细胞周期相关基因AhCYCD4和生长素信号转导相关基因AhIAA28的表达水平,而AhARF19的表达水平被显著抑制. 进一步通过LUC实验发现, AhHDA1激活AhCYCD4和AhIAA28启动子的活性. 说明AhHDA1可能通过调控生长素信号转导和细胞分裂影响花生毛状根侧根的生长.     

植物根尖分生组织干细胞调控模式

静止中心(QC)形成和干细胞区特化是植物根尖分生组织确立的标志。静止中心位于根尖分生组织中心,干细胞围绕在静止中心细胞周围。依赖于生长素的PLT途径和不依赖于生长素的SCR/SHR途径共同发挥维持静止中心细胞稳定的作用。静止中心和干细胞区的柱干细胞之间存在类似于WUS/CLV3的WOX5/ACR4/CLE40的反馈抑制调节途径,该调节途径维持着静止中心细胞和柱干细胞之间的平衡。静止中心和其他类型干细胞之间也可能存在类似的反馈抑制调节途径。生长素、细胞分裂素、赤霉素等植物激素信号在根干细胞功能发挥方面也起到重要作用,与各种基因一起组成根分生组织干细胞调控网络。     

过氧化氢对拟南芥生长素信号传导相关蛋白的影响

本论文通过添加外源过氧化氢来探究其对植物生长素信号的影响。以GUS基因作为报告基因,研究拟南芥中各生长素相关蛋白(生长素含量标志蛋白DR5、输入蛋白AUX1、输出蛋白PIN1和PIN2)对过氧化氢的响应。结果表明过氧化氢处理后拟南芥呈植株变小、根变短和不定根数目增多的表型;与对照相比,GUS染色后各生长素相关蛋白的表达下降,这表明过氧化氢对植物生长素的合成与运输起一定的抑制作用。在过氧化氢处理的基础上,添加抗氧化物质发现植株表型有明显的恢复,GUS染色也表明相关蛋白的表达量均增加;另外,0.0001 ?mol/L的外源IAA也能恢复过氧化氢处理后拟南芥的表型和生长素相关蛋白的表达。综上所述,过氧化氢主要通过抑制植物体内的生长素信号来调控植物的生长发育。     

过氧化氢对拟南芥生长素信号转导相关蛋白的影响

通过添加外源过氧化氢来探究其对植物生长素信号的影响.以GUS基因作为报告基因,研究拟南芥中各生长素相关蛋白(生长素含量标志蛋白DRS,输入蛋白AUX1,输出蛋白PIN1和PIN2)对过氧化氢的响应结果表明过氧化氢处理后拟南芥呈植株变小、根变短和不定根数目增多的表型;与对照相比,GUS染色后各生长素相关蛋白的表达下降,表明过氧化氢对植物生长素的合成与运输起一定的抑制作用在过氧化氢处理的墓础上,添加抗氧化物质后发现植株表型有明显恢复,GUS染色也表明相关蛋白的表达量均增加;另外,0.1 nmol/L的外源IAA能恢复过氧化氢处理后拟南芥的表型和生长素相关蛋白的表达综上所述,过氧化氢主要通过抑制植物体内的生长素信号来调控植物的生长发育.     

过氧化氢对拟南芥生长素信号转导相关蛋白的影响

通过添加外源过氧化氢来探究其对植物生长素信号的影响.以GUS基因作为报告基因,研究拟南芥中各生长素相关蛋白(生长素含量标志蛋白DR5、输入蛋白AUX1、输出蛋白PIN1和PIN2)对过氧化氢的响应.结果表明过氧化氢处理后拟南芥呈植株变小、根变短和不定根数目增多的表型;与对照相比,GUS染色后各生长素相关蛋白的表达下降,表明过氧化氢对植物生长素的合成与运输起一定的抑制作用.在过氧化氢处理的基础上,添加抗氧化物质后发现植株表型有明显恢复,GUS染色也表明相关蛋白的表达量均增加;另外,0.1 nmol/L的外源IAA能恢复过氧化氢处理后拟南芥的表型和生长素相关蛋白的表达.综上所述,过氧化氢主要通过抑制植物体内的生长素信号来调控植物的生长发育.     

生长素调控极性运输载体PIN2质膜丰度与降解

主要观察了外源生长素长时间(8 h)处理对拟南芥生长素极性输出载体PIN2-GFP质膜丰度的影响,低温、KCN处理和生长素受体突变对生长素调控质膜PIN2-GFP丰度的影响,以及液泡H+-ATPase抑制剂ConA对野生型和生长素受体四突变体tir1afb1,2,3液泡中PIN2-GFP积累的影响.结果表明:外源生长素通过其受体TIR1/AFB介导的信号途径下调质膜PIN2-GFP的丰度,促进PIN2-GFP的内吞、胞内运输和液泡降解.暗示生长素通过TIR1/AFB介导的信号途径反馈调控质膜PIN2-GFP的水平,从而阻止了胞内生长素的过多输出.     

2013-14 科技要闻

中国科学院华南植物园李洁尉等揭示了种子成熟过程的表观遗传调控机制。该研究对通过表观遗传调控改善作物性状、提高作物产量、解决国粮食安全问题具有重要理论意义。研究表明,种子贮藏蛋白基因的表达受许多不同调控因子影响。然而,学界关于它们的作用机理并不清楚。此次,研究人员发现拟南芥组蛋白去乙酰化酶HDA19突变体种子成熟基因可在幼苗中异位表达,这揭示种子发育表观遗传调控机理     

去乙酰化酶抑制剂TSA对间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2增殖和成脂分化的影响

采用MTT和流式细胞术分别检测不同浓度的TSA对C3H10T1/2细胞活性和细胞周期分布的影响;油红O染色检测TSA对其成脂分化的影响,实时定量PCR检测TSA对成脂分化的关键转录因子PPAR-γ,以及成脂分化标志物Fabp4和Adipoq mRNA转录的影响.研究去乙酰化酶抑制剂TSA对间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2增殖和成脂分化的影响及其可能的作用机制.结果显示TSA浓度为1、10和30 nmol/L呈浓度依赖性地抑制C3H10T1/2细胞活性,改变细胞形态,并将其细胞周期抑制在G0/G1期;TSA浓度为10nmol/L明显抑制C3H10T1/2细胞的成脂分化作用,并呈浓度依赖性地抑制PPAR-γ、Fabp4和Adipoq mRNA的转录.表明TSA呈剂量依赖性地抑制间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2的增殖和成脂分化,除转录水平调控外,非组蛋白如细胞骨架相关蛋白可能也参与TSA的抑制作用.     

脱落酸对水稻根系生长素合成与运输的调控

利用一系列不同浓度的脱落酸(ABA)处理水稻幼苗根系,观察水稻初生根根长、冠根数目、侧根数目及长度、DR5::GUS转基因材料GUS活性、生长素的合成及运输相关基因表达水平等变化.结果表明,ABA可以抑制水稻初生根的伸长、冠根和侧根的发生和伸长,并且抑制效应呈现剂量效应.DR5::GUS活性在整个根系中随ABA处理浓度升高而减弱,但根尖部位的DR5::GUS活性经过ABA处理后表现增强;生长素合成相关基因YUCCA2、YUCCA4、YUCCA7,生长素运输载体基因AUX3、AUX5、PiN1b、PiN2、PiN5a、PiN9、PiN10a均显著下降表达.     

Conserved factors regulate signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana shoot and root stem cell organizers

Throughout the lifespan of a plant, which in some cases can last more than one thousand years, the stem cell niches in the root and shoot apical meristems provide cells for the formation of complete root and shoot systems, respectively. Both niches are superficially different and it has remained unclear whether common regulatory mechanisms exist. Here we address whether root and shoot meristems use related factors for stem cell maintenance. In the root niche the quiescent centre cells, surrounded by the stem cells, express the homeobox gene WOX5 (WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 5), a homologue of the WUSCHEL (WUS) gene that non-cell-autonomously maintains stem cells in the shoot meristem. Loss of WOX5 function in the root meristem stem cell niche causes terminal differentiation in distal stem cells and, redundantly with other regulators, also provokes differentiation of the proximal meristem. Conversely, gain of WOX5 function blocks differentiation of distal stem cell descendents that normally differentiate. Importantly, both WOX5 and WUS maintain stem cells in either a root or shoot context. Together, our data indicate that stem cell maintenance signalling in both meristems employs related regulators.     

Generation of cell polarity in plants links endocytosis, auxin distribution and cell fate decisions

Dynamically polarized membrane proteins define different cell boundaries and have an important role in intercellular communication-a vital feature of multicellular development. Efflux carriers for the signalling molecule auxin from the PIN family are landmarks of cell polarity in plants and have a crucial involvement in auxin distribution-dependent development including embryo patterning, organogenesis and tropisms. Polar PIN localization determines the direction of intercellular auxin flow, yet the mechanisms generating PIN polarity remain unclear. Here we identify an endocytosis-dependent mechanism of PIN polarity generation and analyse its developmental implications. Real-time PIN tracking showed that after synthesis, PINs are initially delivered to the plasma membrane in a non-polar manner and their polarity is established by subsequent endocytic recycling. Interference with PIN endocytosis either by auxin or by manipulation of the Arabidopsis Rab5 GTPase pathway prevents PIN polarization. Failure of PIN polarization transiently alters asymmetric auxin distribution during embryogenesis and increases the local auxin response in apical embryo regions. This results in ectopic expression of auxin pathway-associated root-forming master regulators in embryonic leaves and promotes homeotic transformation of leaves to roots. Our results indicate a two-step mechanism for the generation of PIN polar localization and the essential role of endocytosis in this process. It also highlights the link between endocytosis-dependent polarity of individual cells and auxin distribution-dependent cell fate establishment for multicellular patterning.     

Efflux-dependent auxin gradients establish the apical-basal axis of Arabidopsis

Axis formation occurs in plants, as in animals, during early embryogenesis. However, the underlying mechanism is not known. Here we show that the first manifestation of the apical-basal axis in plants, the asymmetric division of the zygote, produces a basal cell that transports and an apical cell that responds to the signalling molecule auxin. This apical-basal auxin activity gradient triggers the specification of apical embryo structures and is actively maintained by a novel component of auxin efflux, PIN7, which is located apically in the basal cell. Later, the developmentally regulated reversal of PIN7 and onset of PIN1 polar localization reorganize the auxin gradient for specification of the basal root pole. An analysis of pin quadruple mutants identifies PIN-dependent transport as an essential part of the mechanism for embryo axis formation. Our results indicate how the establishment of cell polarity, polar auxin efflux and local auxin response result in apical-basal axis formation of the embryo, and thus determine the axiality of the adult plant.     

Lateral relocation of auxin efflux regulator PIN3 mediates tropism in Arabidopsis

Long-standing models propose that plant growth responses to light or gravity are mediated by asymmetric distribution of the phytohormone auxin. Physiological studies implicated a specific transport system that relocates auxin laterally, thereby effecting differential growth; however, neither the molecular components of this system nor the cellular mechanism of auxin redistribution on light or gravity perception have been identified. Here, we show that auxin accumulates asymmetrically during differential growth in an efflux-dependent manner. Mutations in the Arabidopsis gene PIN3, a regulator of auxin efflux, alter differential growth. PIN3 is expressed in gravity-sensing tissues, with PIN3 protein accumulating predominantly at the lateral cell surface. PIN3 localizes to the plasma membrane and to vesicles that cycle in an actin-dependent manner. In the root columella, PIN3 is positioned symmetrically at the plasma membrane but rapidly relocalizes laterally on gravity stimulation. Our data indicate that PIN3 is a component of the lateral auxin transport system regulating tropic growth. In addition, actin-dependent relocalization of PIN3 in response to gravity provides a mechanism for redirecting auxin flux to trigger asymmetric growth.