组蛋白去乙酰化抑制剂对拟南芥根尖干细胞微环境的影响

根系发育是植物生长的重要组成部分,该过程由多种信号转导途径共同调节。组蛋白乙酰化和去乙酰化的动态变化对基因表达具有关键的调控作用,而对其在根发育中功能的研究还不深入。本研究通过组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂Trichostatin A（TSA）处理拟南芥,发现其主根生长受到抑制,分生区细胞数目变少。显微观察的结果表明TSA影响了根尖干细胞微环境。根尖微环境调控相关因子SCR和SHR的表达受TSA处理的影响并不明显,而PLT1/PLT2的表达受TSA强烈抑制。我们对生长素运输途径的分析发现在TSA处理条件下,PIN1表达只受轻微影响,而PIN2表达量明显下调。pDR5:GFP的结果表明TSA可能引起生长素在根尖的积累和分布变化。综上所述,TSA影响了拟南芥根尖干细胞微环境的维持,表明组蛋白的去乙酰化在根发育过程中发挥着重要作用。     

拟南芥PIN2介导的生长素极性运输调控植物根向地性

主要观察了拟南芥生长素输出载体PIN2及其介导的极性运输、生长素诱导合成对根尖生长素不对称分布和根向地性反应的影响.结果表明:拟南芥PIN2基因突变、诱导内源生长素IAA及用抑制剂NPA或TIBA抑制生长素极性运输都严重影响了根尖生长素不对称分布的形成,最终抑制植物根向地性反应,暗示PIN2介导的生长素极性运输和生长素不对称分布在根向地性反应中起着关键性调控作用.从这些研究结果可进一步理解生长素调控植物根向地性的分子机理.     

拟南芥茎尖干细胞调控机制的研究进展

植物茎尖干细胞是位于植物顶端一团具有无限增殖能力的细胞,它是植物整个地上部分发育的源泉.干细胞分裂产生的子细胞一部分用来保持自我更替,另一部分形成器官原基,进而使其处于一种动态平衡状态,来维持植物甚至可长达千年的生长周期.现代分子生物学与遗传学表明这种动态平衡的维持受到来自干细胞微环境的各种因素的精确调控.其中起核心作用的是由WUSCHEL(WUS)基因与CLAVATA(CLV)基因之间形成的负反馈调节环,而其他生物学因素如细胞分裂素、可以移动的小RNAs和表观遗传作用等最终都作用于这一负反馈调节环,另外与WUS-CLV信号通路相平行的SHOOTMERISTEMLESS(STM)信号通路在干细胞维持中也发挥着积极的作用.在此主要综述了模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)茎尖干细胞维持分子机制的最新研究进展.     

亚硫酸氢钠对大蒜有丝分裂周期的影响

研究SO2体内衍生物－亚硝酸钠与亚硫酸氢钠混合液对大蒜细胞分裂周期的效应,结果表明：低浓度（0．2mmol/L)的混合液短时间（24h)作用时根尖细胞有丝分裂指数（MI）提高,随后下降,高浓度（1．5与2．0mmol/L)处理组大蒜根尖MI明显低于对照组。此外,高浓度处理组大蒜根尖有丝分裂各期细胞所占比例改变。根尖分生组织细胞的MI值及不同分裂时期细胞比率与亚硫酸氢钠混合液的浓度和作用时间相关。结果表明：亚硫酸氢钠混合液处理能延缓植物分生组织的细胞分裂,具有细胞分裂抑制剂的作用。     

植物里中柱鞘细胞的作用是什么?

<正>A:中柱鞘结构主要存在于根中,茎的中柱鞘不发达或不存在。下面以根的结构为例来介绍中柱鞘的作用。根的最前端是根尖,是根的最幼嫩,生命活动最旺盛的部分。覆盖在根尖上的是根冠。根不断地往地下生长,根冠细胞不断被磨破,由分生区的细胞来补充。分生区之上是伸长区,也叫延长区,该区的细胞通常不分裂,但能     

稀土元素铈对大蒜幼苗生理活性及根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响

为了研究稀土元素铈对大蒜生长的影响,采用不同浓度的硝酸铈铵溶液作用于大蒜幼苗,观察和测量其根长、叶绿素和丙二醛含量以及根尖分生区细胞的有丝分裂情况.结果表明:1mg/L和10mg/L的硝酸铈铵溶液可以促进大蒜根的生长和叶绿素含量的增加,MDA的含量保持在较低水平;30 mg/L和50 mg/L的硝酸铈铵溶液会抑制大蒜根的生长和叶绿素含量的增加,MDA的含量也显著增加.高浓度硝酸铈铵溶液处理下,大蒜根尖细胞有丝分裂指数下降,畸变率升高,50 mg/L的硝酸铈铵会导致细胞有丝分裂中期和后期出现染色体粘连或断裂现象.由此可见,铈对于大蒜的生长存在低促高抑现象.     

对氨基苯甲酸在拟南芥根生长发育中对生长素运输的调控

为探究对氨基苯甲酸(PABA)影响拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)根部生长发育的作用机制,以野生型和DR5∷GUS转基因拟南芥为实验材料,研究了PABA外源处理对根系形态结构和生长素运输的影响.结果表明:200μmol/L PABA可以明显抑制拟南芥幼苗主根生长并促进侧根和根毛的发育.PABA可增强生长素类似物2,4-D对幼苗主根生长的抑制作用和对根毛伸长的促进作用;相反,PABA可在一定程度上减弱生长素运输抑制剂NPA对幼苗主根和根毛生长发育的抑制作用.此外,PABA可诱导拟南芥根尖生长素的积累以及生长素极性运输相关基因PIN1、PIN3和AUX1的表达.综上所述,PABA可调节根部生长素运输和分布,在拟南芥根生长发育过程中起重要作用.     

生长素与植物顶端优势

生长素是控制顶端优势的主导因素,但它对侧芽的抑制作用不是直接的,有可能通过调节第二信使的量来抑制侧芽生长.比较有说服力的第二信使是细胞分裂素以及一种可以通过嫁接转移的未知因子.另外还有研究表明,主茎中生长素的运输抑制侧枝中生长素的运输,从而使侧枝生长受抑制.生长素抑制植物分枝的作用部位是在地上部分的木质部和维管束间的组织形成层中或两者的汇点处.     

The mechanism of adipocyte differentiation and regulation of hematopoietic microenvironment

在人体生长发育与衰老过程中骨髓会逐渐由红骨髓转变成为黄骨髓,即骨髓脂肪化,其本质是骨髓中脂肪细胞增多.骨髓脂肪细胞对造血微环境具有负性调节作用,能抑制骨髓造血、抑制造血重建时造血干细胞在骨髓中的植入.深入研究骨髓脂肪化机制对促进某些疾病过程中造血恢复、提高造血干细胞移植效率具有一定意义.脂肪细胞的形成主要包括间充质干细胞向前体脂肪细胞的定向分化及其终末分化两个阶段.本文主要阐述细胞形态变化和细胞外基质通过WNT和RHO-family GTPase信号级联通路调节前体脂肪细胞的定向分化,成脂刺激因素通过PPARγ的表观遗传学途径诱导前体脂肪细胞的终末分化,以及PPARγ和C/EBP的相互作用维持脂肪细胞的基因表达.     

哺乳动物细胞中一氧化氮与MAPK信号转导途径的调节关系

一氧化氮(NO)广泛存在于各种细胞中,在哺乳动物的心血管系统、神经系统、免疫系统和生殖系统等正常的生理活动和病理变化中发挥着十分重要作用.一氧化氮合酶(NOS)催化底物后生成NO,NO与可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶结合,促使GTP转化成cGMP,再激活cGMP依赖性的蛋白激酶(PKG),使蛋白质磷酸化而发挥生物学效应.即NOS/NO/cGMP/PKG作用通路.丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)是哺乳动物细胞内最重要的信号系统之一,在细胞增殖、生长、发育、分化、凋亡以及应激、炎症等多种生理和病理过程发挥十分重要的调节作用,主要是通过MAPKKK/MAPKK/MAP级联系统传递信号.已经在多种细胞中研究发现,NO与MAPK信号转导途径之间有着密切的相互调节关系.因此,加深对信号传导通路各个环节两者调控机理的认识,对某些疾病病理机制的阐明和治疗有重要理论意义和应用价值,因而也受到广泛的关注.文中根据此前的报道,结合该实验室的研究结果,综述了NO与MAPK信号转导途径之间的相互调节关系.     

Conserved factors regulate signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana shoot and root stem cell organizers

Throughout the lifespan of a plant, which in some cases can last more than one thousand years, the stem cell niches in the root and shoot apical meristems provide cells for the formation of complete root and shoot systems, respectively. Both niches are superficially different and it has remained unclear whether common regulatory mechanisms exist. Here we address whether root and shoot meristems use related factors for stem cell maintenance. In the root niche the quiescent centre cells, surrounded by the stem cells, express the homeobox gene WOX5 (WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 5), a homologue of the WUSCHEL (WUS) gene that non-cell-autonomously maintains stem cells in the shoot meristem. Loss of WOX5 function in the root meristem stem cell niche causes terminal differentiation in distal stem cells and, redundantly with other regulators, also provokes differentiation of the proximal meristem. Conversely, gain of WOX5 function blocks differentiation of distal stem cell descendents that normally differentiate. Importantly, both WOX5 and WUS maintain stem cells in either a root or shoot context. Together, our data indicate that stem cell maintenance signalling in both meristems employs related regulators.     

Immunohistochemical localization of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase in tobacco

The existence of Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaM kinase, CaMK) in tobacco is verified immuno- logically and its distribution in different tissues of tobacco is studied. It has been demonstrated that CaMK is mainly distributed in early developing anthers, developing ovules and embryos, lateral root primordium, apical meristem and leaf primordium of buds and mesophyll cells and developing vascular bundles of leaves. There is enormous CaM kinase distributed in leaf epidermis fair cells and guard cells of stomas too. Little kinase is found in mature stem or root cells. The distribution properties of CaM kinase in tobacco are consistent with those of CaM, suggesting that there exists the Ca²⁺ signal transduction pathway mediated by CaM kinase in tobacco and it plays an important role in the plant growth and development.     

水龙营养器官的形态结构与生态适应

对水龙[Jussiaea repens Linn.]营养器官的形态结构进行了解剖观察和分析。用扫描电镜对二种形态的根进行了观察和比较，其中呼吸根的通气组织更为发达，呼吸根通气道的形成主要是薄壁细胞的分裂和纵向延伸，呼吸根的发生在植株对水生环境的适应中具有重要意义，根顶端原始细胞具有分层特征，属封闭型，茎的髓部有髓维管束分布。     

荸荠匍匐茎的发育和球茎的膨大研究

荸荠球茎的膨大是匍匐茎茎端5—6节的基本组织经细胞有丝分裂,增加细胞数目,然后由细胞体积的扩大来实现的。球茎中的淀粉由单粒和复合两种淀粉粒组成。匍匐茎无居间分生组织,它的伸长依靠顶端分生组织细胞的横向分裂和细胞的轴向延伸。本文描述了主茎、匍匐茎、鳞片叶的结构。     

Asymmetric leaves1 mediates leaf patterning and stem cell function in Arabidopsis

Meristem function in plants requires both the maintenance of stem cells and the specification of founder cells from which lateral organs arise. Lateral organs are patterned along proximodistal, dorsoventral and mediolateral axes. Here we show that the Arabidopsis mutant asymmetric leaves1 (as1) disrupts this process. AS1 encodes a myb domain protein, closely related to PHANTASTICA in Antirrhinum and ROUGH SHEATH2 in maize, both of which negatively regulate knotted-class homeobox genes. AS1 negatively regulates the homeobox genes KNAT1 and KNAT2 and is, in turn, negatively regulated by the meristematic homeobox gene SHOOT MERISTEMLESS. This genetic pathway defines a mechanism for differentiating between stem cells and organ founder cells within the shoot apical meristem and demonstrates that genes expressed in organ primordia interact with meristematic genes to regulate shoot morphogenesis.     

Primary observations of the existence of Fas-like cytoplasmic death factor in plant cells

The main activity of Fas is to trigger cytoplasm death program in animal cells. In G2 pea, vacuole plays a pivotal role in inducing cell death in the cytoplasm of longday (LD) grown apical meristem cells. Expression patterns of the Fas in G2 pea cells revealed that the Fas is mainly localized in the vacuole of cells undergoing programmed cell death (PCD). The Fas expression is corresponding to the initiation of menadione-induced PCD in tobacco protoplasts.The results suggest the existence of the Fas-like mediated cytoplasmic death pathway in plant cells.``     

Stem cell division is regulated by the microRNA pathway

One of the key characteristics of stem cells is their capacity to divide for long periods of time in an environment where most of the cells are quiescent. Therefore, a critical question in stem cell biology is how stem cells escape cell division stop signals. Here, we report the necessity of the microRNA (miRNA) pathway for proper control of germline stem cell (GSC) division in Drosophila melanogaster. Analysis of GSCs mutant for dicer-1 (dcr-1), the double-stranded RNaseIII essential for miRNA biogenesis, revealed a marked reduction in the rate of germline cyst production. These dcr-1 mutant GSCs exhibit normal identity but are defective in cell cycle control. On the basis of cell cycle markers and genetic interactions, we conclude that dcr-1 mutant GSCs are delayed in the G1 to S transition, which is dependent on the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Dacapo, suggesting that miRNAs are required for stem cells to bypass the normal G1/S checkpoint. Hence, the miRNA pathway might be part of a mechanism that makes stem cells insensitive to environmental signals that normally stop the cell cycle at the G1/S transition.     

药用甘草一年生根下胚轴根茎比较形态学的研究

本文就药用甘草一年生根,下胚轴根茎的形态结构进行了比较研究。根园柱形,周皮黄棕色或暗棕色,有规则的纵沟纹及横生皮孔。平整切断面纤维性,浅黄色形成层环明显,射线放射状,中心淡黄色。根茎外形与根相似,自地上茎基部侧生出1—2条,表面具芽痕。根初生结构属于“四原型”,次生结构与一般双子叶植物根相同。其区别根增粗主要由于次生维管束,射线、轫皮射线,木射线增多,特别是射线,轫皮射线,木射线细胞显著增大的结果。根中心为射线,木射线伸入薄壁细胞所充满。我们首次发现根由下胚轴主根组成,根茎具有茎的结构特征。