作物生长模拟模型研究综述

随着计算机模拟技术的迅速提高,作物生长模拟模型经过40多年的发展研究亦日趋成熟,同时也将成为农业可持续发展中必不可缺少的辅助工具.本文就作物生长模拟模型的发展研究、主要的模拟模型及应用作一综述.     

作物生长的模拟研究

应用计算机模拟作物生长，对作物产量预测、土地生产力评价、资源环境分析、作物栽培指导、作物生长机理研究以及最新发展起来的精确农业技术应用等方面都有重要意义。自6O年代中期以来，研究人员在作物生长计算机模拟领域进行了大量工作，所建的各类模型得到了广泛应用。作物生长模拟涉及到众多领域，包括植物生理学、作物栽培学、农业气象学和微气象学、土壤学、计算科学等学科。现今影响较大的作物生长模拟模型大多是70年代或80年代前期建立的，这些模型的设计必然受建模时期各学科的研究状况、计算机硬软件发展水平和数据采集能力所制…     

我国主要作物生长模拟模型研究进展

作物生长模拟包括阶段发育、形态发生、光合与呼吸作用、干物质积累与分配、作物与水分的关系、作物的养分效应、作物气象环境的模拟等几部分内容．综述了近10年我国主要作物水稻、小麦、棉花、玉米等的生长模拟模型研究状况，将其与遥感技术、地理信息系统和计算机专家咨询系统结合，建立更完善的作物生产计算机决策管理系统，是这一研究领域在我国今后的发展方向．     

EPIC农作物生长模型应用研究进展

侵蚀土地生产力影响评估模型(erosion-productivity impact calculator, EPIC)是美国农业部研制的水土资源管理和作物生产力评价模型.自20世纪80年代提出以来,EPIC模型经过不断的发展完善,在农田、区域以及全球等不同尺度上的诸多领域有广泛的应用.本文系统地综述了EPIC模型在农作物生长过程中的模拟精度、气候变化对农作物的影响、农业旱灾风险研究等领域的国内外应用研究进展.研究表明:通过研究诸多作物限制因子对作物生长影响的关系,已经很好地改善了EPIC模型的模拟精度,但突发性的环境变化对模拟精度的影响程度还不清楚;气象因子对作物影响的敏感性研究已较为完善,而气候的阶段性转折和极端气候事件对农作物生长影响的研究还有待进一步深入;农业旱灾风险的研究主要是从灌溉制度上对农作物需水的数量和时间进行控制管理,运用EPIC模型从灾害系统的角度研究农业旱灾风险还比较少.根据EPIC模型应用研究的现状,以及国内进行EPIC模型研究的良好数据平台,在全球气候变暖及其可能导致的气候渐变和突变的背景下,提出IPIC模型在以下研究方向有着重要的发展前景:1)气候极端事件对农作物生长影响的研究;2)气候渐变对农作物生长影响的研究;3)全球大气环流模式降尺度后的未来气候情景与EPIC模型的结合应用研究;4)恢复农业旱灾承灾体脆弱性曲线,减轻农业旱灾风险的研究.     

甘蔗光合作用模型的构建与大田实验验证

光合作用和干物质生产模型是作物生长模型中最基础的部分。在综合已有作物生长模型的基础上,构建了甘蔗的光合作用模型。甘蔗光合作用模型以门司-佐伯的模型为基础,包括叶面积指数动态子模型、单叶光合子模型、呼吸作用子模型以及干物质积累动态模型。利用大田甘蔗的实验数据对模型进行了检验,结果表明:甘蔗植株在整个生育期的干物质积累量模拟值与实测值的相对误差为3.83%,这表明模型对甘蔗的干物质生产(产量)的预测较为理想,可作为育种的参考指标。但是用此模型来模拟甘蔗不同生育期的干物质积累,在某些发育阶段,与实测值间还存在较大差异,故需进一步完善模型。     

城市污水不同土地处理条件下土壤-作物系统中氮净化模拟模型与模拟分析

通过温室条件下冬小麦不同种植方式、污水不同土地处理状态下水氮运移吸收和净化过程模拟试验,分析了作物生长、根系生长与分布、根系对水分氮素吸收规律以及根系竞争吸收与土壤中水、氮含量的关系,以及氮净化规律等．在此基础上,建立了作物生长→根系生长与分布→根系吸水、吸氮→土壤中水氮运移转化→作物生长循环计算联合模型．以模拟试验为背景,用数值模拟分析了城市污水不同水氮土地处理条件下作物生长与土壤─作物系统中水氮运移吸收转化过程和土壤中氮净化机理．为建立环境地学工程的分支模型──污水土地处理控制模型提供了基础模拟计算方法．     

基于Agent的作物动画生长技术研究

作物生长模拟是数字农业的前沿性研究方向。在传统的作物生长技术的基础上,提出了基于Agent技术的作物动画生长模型:模型中的作物作为自主智能体,能感知环境信息,确定生长及表现行为,最后通过运动系统产生动作来完成行为。     

现代设施园艺急需现代农业技术

世界上一些发达国家,如美国、荷兰、日本、以色列等利用现代大型温室进行园艺作物的研究和生产相当普遍。有些国家设施栽培面积达80％,这是由于设施园艺能够创造和改善作物生长环境,使原有条件下不能生长和生长不良的作物在设施内能正常生长并能提高产量和品质,实现全年供应,提高经济和社会效益。随着我国农业产业结构的调整,设施园艺已成为优化结构、增加农民收入的有效手段。上海、沈阳、北京等大城市纷纷引入国外大型设施,率先建成了中国特色的日光温室,连栋大棚、塑料大棚等也纷纷建成,设施栽培面积迅速扩大。据初步统计,截至1997年,全国设施面积     

播期对水稻生长模拟影响及优化比较

为了进行水稻作物动态监测和科学管理,利用江西省农业气象试验站田间观测数据,结合同期气象资料分别采用ORYZA2000和WOFOST两个模型进行了水稻生长模拟,调试确定了水稻作物生育期参数,对生育期、叶面积指数、生产量等指标的模拟结果进行了验证与适应性评价。结果表明：两个模型对于江西地区水稻生长的模拟效果较好,实测值与模拟值基本一致。ORYZA2000模型模拟的各生物量的标准化均方根误差值(NRMSE)均小于30%,而WOFOST模型模拟的叶面积指数和穗干重NRMSE值偏差较大,为41%和51%,总体模拟性能不如ORYZA2000,后者在江西省推广使用有更好的前景。     

地乐胺防除农田杂草试验

地乐胺为二硝基苯胺类水旱通用型除草剂，在我省进行了首次试验，其结果表明：地乐胺对多种园艺作物园地杂草具有很强的防除效果，平均防除率达％叽以上，药效期为70d左右，除草广谱，毒性低，且对作物生长有促进作用     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.     

Tracking data management using topology of moving object database system for moving object constrained trajectory in LBS application

Advances in wireless technologies and positioning technologies and spread of wireless devices, an interest in LBS (Location Based Service) is arising. To provide location based service, tracking data should have been stored in moving object database management system (called MODBMS) with proper policies and managed efficiently. So the methods which acquire the location information at regular time intervals then, store and manage have been studied. In this paper, we suggest tracking data management techniques using topology that is corresponding to the moving path of moving object. In our techniques, we update the MODBMS when moving object arrived at a street intersection or a curved road which is represented as the node in topology and predict the location at past and future with attribute of topology and linear function. In this technique, location data that are corresponding to the node in topology are stored, thus reduce the number of update and amount of data. Also in case predicting the location,because topology are used as well as existing location information, accuracy for prediction is increased than applying linear function or spline function.