PVDF膜亲水性改性研究进展

综述了聚偏氟乙稀(PVDF)膜的亲水改性技术及其研究进展，主要改性方法有表面改性和共混改性。表面改性分为表面涂覆和表面接枝，表面接枝可以通过等离子、福照和表面光实现。与PVDF共混的添加剂有亲水性聚合物、无机纳米粒子和两性聚合物。改性后膜的亲水性和抗污染性在一定程度上得到了提高。     

聚偏氟乙烯膜表面光接枝改性的研究

以N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)为接枝单体、苯丙酮(BP)为光引发剂,采用紫外光照射的方法对疏水性聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)微孔滤膜进行接枝改性,研究紫外接枝过程中溶剂、氧气、光照时间和单体浓度对PVDF膜光接枝的影响.结果表明:甲醇是溶剂的最佳选择,反应需要在无氧下进行,当单体浓度为0.1 mol.L-1、照射时间为45 m in时膜光接枝效果最佳.采用全反射红外光谱(ATR-IR)、表面水接触角分析膜的表面性质及变化.结果表明,MBA接枝到膜的表面,明显提高了膜的亲水性.     

丙烯酸接枝改性聚偏氟乙烯及其微孔膜制备的研究

用丙烯酸对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)进行接枝改性,采用pH致相转化法制备了改性的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF-g-AAC)微孔膜;通过ATR-FTIR和XPS分析,表明丙烯酸单体已接枝在PVDF链上;利用SEM和AFM表征了PVDF膜和PVDF-g-AAC改性膜的表面及断面的形貌;通过纯水通量、污染通量、静态和动态接触角验证了纯PVDF膜和PVDF-g-AAC改性膜的抗污染性能和亲水性。结果表明,丙烯酸的存在使得膜的各项性能都得到显著的提高。具体表现在亲水性提高,水通量上升,抗污染性能提高。并且随着凝胶浴pH的增加,改性的PVDF膜的性能也逐渐得到提高。从对接触角的测量,证明膜的亲水性随着pH的增大而得到了提高。膜的纯水通量从670L/(m~2·h)增加至1 140L/(m~2·h);膜的蛋白吸附量从80.1μg/cm~2下降到46.7μg/cm~2,膜的抗污染性大大提高。     

以N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为单体紫外光接枝制备抗污染PVDF超滤膜

 采用紫外光照接枝N, N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺单体的改性方法,对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)平板超滤膜进行抗污染改性,研究不同紫外接枝改性条件对膜性能的影响。通过扫描电镜、全反射红外光谱对改性前后膜的表面微观形貌和结构进行表征。结果表明,膜的表面变得更加光滑,引入的亲水性基团,提高了亲水性。在单体浓度为0.7 mol/L,光照时间为3 min 的条件下,改性效果最好;膜的抗污染性能最佳,同时改性对膜的通量影响较小。该改性方法的主要优点是通过水相接枝液就可对PVDF 表面进行改性,大大降低改性实验的要求和成本。     

聚丙烯膜表面光接枝MBA的合成及研究

水性体系中,以二苯甲酮(BP)为引发剂,在商业聚丙烯(PP)微孔滤膜表面紫外光接枝了功能单体N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA).考察了紫外光照时间、单体浓度对接枝率的影响,通过FTIR和对水接触角的测量研究了膜的表面性能.结果表明:光照时间为90 min、单体浓度为0.1 mol.L-1时,接枝率达到最大值;FTIR的结果证明,MBA被成功接枝到了PP膜的表面,对水接触角随着接枝率的增加而减小,接枝改性后膜表面的亲水性有了很大提高.     

表面接枝胶原蛋白的聚偏氟乙烯膜的研究

利用低温等离子体技术对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜表面进行改性,并接枝胶原蛋白,研究了胶原蛋白的质量浓度和接枝时间对膜性能的影响.对接枝后的膜材料进行了水通量、接触角、染色性能方面的测试,并利用傅里叶红外光谱对膜表面结构进行研究.研究结果表明,通过等离子体技术在PVDF膜表面成功接枝了胶原蛋白,提高了膜的亲水性能.     

APPJ处理引发PET膜表面接枝聚合丙烯酸反相乳液

为了改善聚酯(PET)膜的表面加工性能,采用常压射流等离子体(APPJ)处理引发PET膜表面与丙烯酸(AA)反相乳液接枝聚合,研究等离子体处理条件对接枝效果的影响.通过测试处理前后PET膜接枝率、静态接触角、傅里叶变换红外光谱以及表面形貌结构等性能表征接枝改性效果.结果表明:接枝处理可以显著改善PET膜的表面润湿性能,APPJ处理参数对样品的接枝率和润湿性产生显著影响,接枝率为1.05%的PET膜表面接触角仅为5°;红外光谱证明经接枝改性后PET膜样品在2 500~3 600cm-1及1 546cm-1处有新吸收峰出现;扫描电镜(SEM)显示,PET膜表面接枝层是由大量亚微米级甚至纳米级球形颗粒构成.     

PET表面改性对PVDF/PET膜界面性能及力学性能的影响

用碱液和硅烷偶联剂KH550水解液先后对聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)无纺布进行表面改性处理,以提高聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜与PET支撑层间的界面性能.研究了改性处理条件对PVDF/PET膜的界面黏合性和力学性能的影响,并探讨了界面黏合增强机制.结果表明:水解液中KH550含量较少(≤3%)时,处理时间延长,PET与PVDF膜间的剥离强度增大;水解液中KH550含量较多(3%)时,处理时间延长,PET与PVDF膜间的剥离强度先增大后减小;PVDF/PET膜的拉伸强度随水解液中KH550用量的增加或处理时间的延长先增大后略减小.研究发现,适当改性处理后,PET纤维的表面粗糙度增大,含氧官能团增多,PET纤维表面的润湿性提高,增强了PVDF膜与PET支撑层间的机械锁合和分子结合力,从而使PVDF/PET膜的界面黏合性显著增强.     

PVDF-g-PAA共聚物的制备及其改性PVDF膜

为了改善聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）膜的亲水性,本文通过自由基聚合法,以水/乙醇混合溶液为溶剂,合成了以PVDF为主链,聚丙烯酸（PAA）为侧链的PVDF-g-PAA两亲性共聚物。通过改变丙烯酸（AA）浓度合成了三种不同接枝率的PVDF-g-PAA共聚物,红外(FT-IR）及热重分析(TGA)结果显示接枝率以AA单体浓度10%为最高。以PVDF-g-PAA共聚物为膜材料,采用浸没沉淀法制备膜,通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、接触角测试和过滤实验考察膜的形貌及性能。结果表明,随着接枝率的升高,改性膜的平均孔径及孔隙率随之增大,接触角随之降低,表明其亲水性有很大的改善。在保持较好分离效果的基础上,改性膜的水通量及通量恢复率比原膜分别提高了3.78倍和0.76倍,表明其渗透性能及抗污染性能都有很大改善。     

紫外光接枝改性磺化聚醚砜微孔膜及其pH敏感性

用紫外光接枝聚合方法将丙烯酸(AA)接枝到磺化聚醚砜(SPES)微孔膜上,得到具有pH敏感性的分离膜.接枝膜采用衰减全反射(ATR-IR)附件进行了表征,接枝膜表面及断面形态采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行观察,并同时通过接枝率、水渗透通量和截留率的测定研究了接枝膜的接枝程度、渗水性能和pH敏感性.通过紫外光接枝聚合的方法,在磺化聚醚砜微孔膜的膜表面和孔内接枝上了丙烯酸接枝层作为pH感应型开关;当丙烯酸质量分数为0.05,光照20 min时,接枝率达到8.40%,pH=2时的纯水渗透通量约为中性时的20倍;当牛血清蛋白(BSA)渗透液的pH小于其等电点4.7,pH为2～4时,截留率发生显著变化,表现出明显的pH敏感性.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with