聚合物/甜菜碱表面活性剂提高水驱后残余油采收率研究

利用不加碱可形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂/聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系,通过流变性实验,分析了甜菜碱表面活性剂对聚合物/表面活性剂二元复合体系流变性的影响;通过可视化的微观驱油实验和人造岩心驱油实验,分析了聚合物/表面活性剂二元体系的粘弹性和界面张力对采收率的影响,研究了该二元复合体系对水驱后残余油的作用机理.结果表明,实验用的两性表面活性剂体系与油可以达到超低界面张力,表面活性剂体系对无碱二元体系的粘弹性影响非常小.在驱替水驱残余油过程中,形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂/聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系可以同时发挥活性剂的超低界面张力作用和聚合物溶液的粘弹性作用,使该二元体系的采收率高于单一的表面活性剂体系和聚合物驱油体系,并且该二元体系的粘弹性越大,采收率越高.界面张力由10-2 mN/m降至10-3 mN/m时的最终采收率均高于界面张力为10-2 mN/m时增加聚合物溶液的质量浓度和相对分子质量两种情况下的最终采收率.     

十二烷基酚两性表面活性剂合成与性能测定

以氯醇醚为核心,与环氧氯丙烷、N,N-二甲基—1,3-丙二胺、二乙醇胺综合反应合成新型十二烷基酚两性表面活性剂,对目标产物进行结构表征及性能测定。结果表明,新合成的表面活性剂具有十二烷基酚两性型表面活性剂红外光谱结构特征,具有良好的表面性能、界面性能、热稳定性能和驱油性能,临界胶束浓度值为1.58×10-3 mol/L,临界表面张力γcmc值为28.39mN/m,与原油的最低界面张力为1.5×10-3 mN/m,85℃温度环境下能较长时间与原油保持10-3 mN/m以下的超低界面张力,无论是在强碱、弱碱驱油体系下均能提高原油采收率20%以上。     

聚氧丙烯壬基酚醚硫酸酯盐/碱体系与原油动态界面张力研究

合成了聚氧丙烯壬基苯酚醚硫酸钠,研究了有机碱、无机碱以及所合成表面活性剂和有机碱、无机碱复配体系与桩西普通稠油的动态界面张力行为.结果表明:使用碳酸钠、三甲胺、三乙胺都可改变油水界面张力.碳酸钠/原油界面张力曲线呈"S"型变化,可分为缓慢上升、迅速上升和相对平衡3个阶段,而有机胺/原油界面张力曲线呈"U"型变化,出现动态界面张力最小值.碳酸钠加量不同时,其动态界面张力曲线变化不大;胺的质量分数升高时,动态界面张力则表现出先降低、后升高的趋势,存在最佳的胺加量.对于表面活性剂与Na2CO3复配体系,当Na2CO3加量高于一定临界值时,复配体系才有明显协同效应,此时仅需添加质量分数为0.0025%表面活性剂就可以将油水界面张力降低到10-5mN/m数量级.对于表面活性剂与有机胺的复配体系,降低油水界面张力的能力取决于体系中有机胺和表面活性剂的含量.只有当复配体系中有机胺的质量分数高于0.05%、9AS-3-0的质量分数低于0.01%时,复配体系才具有协同效应.上述研究说明:由有机碱和原油组分在油水界面反应生成的表面活性物质,其界面活性以及和聚氧丙烯壬基苯酚醚硫酸钠复配体系的界面张力行为与加无机碱的情况是不同的.另外,通过驱油试验证明,具有较低动态界面张力的9AS-3-0/Na2CO3复配体系有高的提高采收率的能力.     

聚合物/甜菜碱表面活性剂提高水驱后残余油采收率研究

利用不加碱可形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂／聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系，通过流变性实验，分析了甜菜碱表面活性剂对聚合物／表面活性剂二元复合体系流变性的影响；通过可视化的微观驱油实验和人造岩心驱油实验，分析了聚合物／表面活性剂二元体系的粘弹性和界面张力对采收率的影响，研究了该二元复合体系对水驱后残余油的作用机理。结果表明，实验用的两性表面活性剂体系与油可以达到超低界面张力，表面活性剂体系对无碱二元体系的粘弹性影响非常小。在驱替水驱残余油过程中，形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂／聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系可以同时发挥活性剂的超低界面张力作用和聚合物溶液的粘弹性作用，使该二元体系的采收率高于单一的表面活性剂体系和聚合物驱油体系，并且该二元体系的粘弹性越大，采收率越高。界面张力由10^-2mN／m降至10^-3mN／m时的最终采收率均高于界面张力为10^-2mN／m时增加聚合物溶液的质量浓度和相对分子质量两种情况下的最终采收率。     

表面活性剂在大庆油田复合驱中的应用研究

研究了石油磺酸盐与烷基苯磺酸盐的最佳配比。考察了表面活性剂、碱、聚合物对油/水界面张力的影响。筛选出一种适合大庆油田的三元复合驱体系。该体系组成为0.3％的表面活性剂+1.2％的Na_2CO_3+1.0‰聚合物,在油层温度下(45℃)与原油界面张力可达1.8x10~(-3)mN/m。     

适合红岗油田萨尔图油层的三元复合体系研究

红岗油田已进入高含水开发阶段,依靠常规方法提高采收率的难度越来越大,利用碱表面活性剂聚合物组成的三元复合体系可与原油产生超低界面张力,又具有较高粘度,既提高驱油效率又能提高波及体积,从而提高采收率。根据红岗油田萨尔图油层特征,采用正交试验设计方法筛选出了一种三元复合驱油体系,该体系与红岗油田萨尔图油层原油形成的界面张力可达到10^-3 mN/m,该体系为1.5%A+0.06%S+0.2%P+0.2%N;其主要指标为界面张力(3~7)×10^-3 mN/m,粘度μ>20 mPa·s。另外,通过室内岩心流动实验证实:室内天然岩芯驱油效率比水驱采收率提高10%左右。     

重烷基苯磺酸盐溶液与原油间动态界面张力的实验研究

测定了重烷基苯磺酸盐溶液与大庆原油间的动态界面张力 ,考察了NaOH、Na2 CO3 、部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM )和重烷基苯磺酸盐对动态界面张力的影响。结果表明 ,在大庆采油四厂原油ASP驱中 ,选用NaOH作碱剂容易产生低界面张力 ;当NaOH的浓度在一定范围内时 ,大庆采油四厂原油与重烷基苯磺酸盐体系间的界面张力能够达到超低值 ((10 -2 mN/m) ;NaOH对产生低界面张力的作用比HPAM和重烷基苯磺酸盐更显著。重烷基苯磺酸盐具有优良的表面活性 ,有望成为较理想的复合驱用表面活性剂。     

稠油油藏化学驱采收率的影响因素

采用烷基聚氧丙烯醚硫酸盐和羧基甜菜碱两类两性表面活性剂与碱复配构建具有不同界面张力特点的驱油体系,通过驱油试验评价不同体系对桩西稠油采收率的影响,采用微观驱替试验研究不同体系提高采收率的机制。结果表明:界面张力与采收率没有明显的对应关系;碱通过维持油、水、固三相接触点亲油性和降低油水界面张力,减弱驱替介质沿油与岩石之间的渗入,增强驱替介质从原油中心的突进和分散,提高驱替压力和波及体积;相比于碱和原油反应产生的表面活性剂,外加的表面活性剂亲水性较强,会增强固体表面的亲水性,导致驱油剂沿孔隙壁面突进;表面活性剂-碱体系与原油形成的细分散水包油型乳状液加剧了驱油剂的窜进,不利于提高波及系数;对于稠油油藏,化学驱体系的波及系数是提高采收率的关键因素。     

耐垢碱/表面活性剂复合体系与桩西原油的界面张力研究

针对胜利油田桩西区块地层水钙、镁含量高的问题,通过测定耐垢碱与表面活性剂复合体系与桩西原油间的动态界面张力,形成了适合该区块的超低界面张力驱油体系。结果表明,单一表面活性剂和桩西原油的界面张力均无法达到超低水平,其中当质量分数为0.1%的CBET-17,降低界面张力能力最好,界面张力能达到7.5×10-2m N/m左右;由不同浓度偏硼酸钠和0.1%表面活性剂复合体系与桩西原油的界面张力表明,当浓度0.4%偏硼酸钠与0.1%CBET-17或者0.1%SLPS复配时,油水界面张力都能达到超低水平。同时由于偏硼酸钠具有耐垢性,可螯合地层水中的钙、镁离子,使得复合体系具有很好的耐垢能力,可以适合于胜利油田桩西区块的驱油。     

磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂的合成及在三次采油中的应用研究

为了提高驱油用表面活性剂降低油水界面张力的能力,以提高原油的采收率.合成了磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂,并将其与石油磺酸盐复合,采用tx-500界面张力仪测定了复合体系降低油水界面张力的能力.研究表明:当质量分数为1%时,磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂-石油磺酸盐复合体系能降低油水界面张力至4×10-4～6×10-4 mN·m-1.磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂的加入使得磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂与石油磺酸盐之间产生协同效应,提高了原油的采收率.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.