蒙古国煤水蒸气气化制合成气及其热力学特性

对来自蒙古国不同地区的4种煤样的水蒸气气化性能进行系统研究,考察了4种煤样水蒸气气化合成气的组成与生成规律;讨论了热力学平衡对4种煤样气化反应的影响。研究发现,巴嘎诺尔煤(BN)、纳赖呼煤(NL)和阿拉格陶盖煤(AT)的水蒸气气化反应性能明显高于塔本陶勒盖煤(TT)。BN、NL和AT煤可通过水蒸气气化反应制高H2含量、低CO含量的合成气,而TT煤水蒸气气化合成气中CO的含量相对较高。造成这种现象的原因是BN、NL和AT煤气化过程中水煤气变化反应(WGSR)进行的较为彻底,消耗了煤与水蒸气直接气化反应所生成的CO,生成更多的H2,而TT煤WGSR进行程度较低,故其合成气中CO含量较高,因此认为热力学平衡是造成不同种类蒙古国煤水蒸气气化特性存在差异的重要因素。     

加压气化制合成气煤种实验室评价

该文选取开滦东欢坨低灰、高灰、林南仓、崔家寨低灰、高灰和新疆煤等六个煤样,在煤质分析的基础上,进行了湿法料浆加压气化制合成气的实验室煤种评价,对企业科学使用气化用煤提供了借鉴。     

串行流化床生物质气化费托(FT)合成的模拟

文章以生物质稻秸为研究对象,利用Aspen Plus软件建立了串行流化床生物质合成气费托(FischerTropsch,FT)合成的模型,研究了不同反应条件包括气化温度、气化压力、气化过程水蒸气与生物质的比率(m(S)/m(B))、合成气中n(H_2)/n(CO)、合成温度以及合成压力对合成工艺的影响。结果表明,采用蛋壳型钴基催化剂,对于制费托合成油为目的的串行流化床生物质气化系统,用于费托合成的适宜工况条件为:建议气化温度850℃左右,气化压力0.1MPa,m(S)/m(B)约为0.4,合成气中n(H_2)/n(CO)保持在2.0~2.1之间,合成反应温度取220℃为佳,反应压力选取2.0MPa左右。在此工况下,每kg稻秸可以获得约为0.54mol的费托合成油。     

等离子体热解生物质的合成气发电及热力学分析

为研究生物质热解发电技术,该文利用ASPEN PLUS化工通用模拟软件建立等离子喷动-流化床热解生物质及合成气发电的模型。针对生物质在等离子体喷动-流化床中的氧气气化过程,模拟计算热解合成气的气体组分。以M701F型燃气轮机为模拟对象,模拟合成气发电系统并进行结果分析。分别对气化温度为400℃、500℃、600℃、700℃、800℃的气化系统和发电系统进行热力学分析,并计算其能量、、能量效率、效率及综合效率。研究发现,在气化剂温度从400℃上升至800℃的过程中,气化系统的效率为59%~60%,能量效率为57%~61%,气化系统的效率普遍低于相应的能量效率。合成气发电系统的发电效率为26%~28%,高于传统热解燃气的发电效率。     

基于Gibbs最小自由能的两段式下吸式固定床稻草气化过程的模拟研究

本文提出了一种新的稻草资源化利用方案,通过两段式下吸式固定床对稻草进行气化制取合成气,使用基于Gibbs最小自由能的研究方法对该方案各项指标进行预测﹒研究显示:提高气化温度可以提高合成气中H_2和CO的浓度,建议气化反应温度设定为800℃;气化反应器的压力只需要稍微高于大气压,该值取0.12MPa就可达到制取合成气的要求;S/B的取值应根据气化的目的来确定合适的参数;气化过程中有必要加入CaO作为催化剂,CaO/B的最佳值为1.8﹒     

基于不同气化剂的BGL炉煤气化的模拟和优化

煤气化工艺作为煤制天然气的重要环节,是实现煤炭资源清洁利用的关键。基于化工流程模拟软件Aspen Plus建立BGL(British Gas Lurgi)炉煤气化工艺,以合成气有效成分、制气效率及水蒸气分解率为评价指标,考察常规气化技术中气化剂操作参数对工艺的耦合作用,得出最优气化剂组成及预热温度;同时,为解决煤气化过程中CO_2排放量大及氢碳比较低的问题,分别引入CO_2、CH_4对气化剂进行改进,进一步优化气化剂组成。结果表明:在常规气化技术中,m_(O_2)/m_(Coal)=0.33、m_(H_2O)/m_(Coal)=0.14为最优气化剂组成,220℃为最优气化剂预热温度;在改进气化技术中,m_(CO_2)/m_(H_2O)=0.18,m_(CH_4)/m_(H_2O)=0.08为最优气化剂组成。     

几种医疗垃圾高温水蒸汽气化模拟研究

针对乳胶手套、棉花和输液器三种典型有机医疗废物,以高温水蒸气作为气化剂;基于吉布斯自由能最小化原理,对三种医疗废物高温水蒸气气化的热力学问题进行模拟研究。探讨原料种类、气化温度和水蒸气通入量等影响因素,对合成气组分、产气量和产气低位热值等评价指标的影响规律。模拟结果表明:在同一工况下,原料中的氢、氧含量决定合成气中的氢气与碳氧化物的产量;反应温度与水蒸气-医疗垃圾质量比(S/W)可改变合成气各产气组分及低位热值,得出最佳反应温度为800℃、S/W为2.0。     

煤与生物质流化床水蒸气共气化

采用单一流化床二步气化方法,以煤作为热载体与发热体,水蒸气作为气化剂,在流化床试验装置上进行生物质(稻壳和木屑)气化的试验研究,考察反应温度(t)、水蒸气与生物质的质量比对燃气组分、氢产率和潜在氢产率的影响。实验结果表明,随着反应温度的升高,H2浓度、氢产率和潜在氢产率都不断增加,而H2与CO体积比逐渐减小;随着水蒸气与生物质的质量比的增大,H2浓度、H2与CO体积比、氢产率和潜在氢产率均不断增加,而CO与CO2体积比呈减小趋势。生产氢的最佳条件:t=1 025℃、水蒸气与生物质质量比为2。在最佳条件下,进一步研究了生物质种类对氢产率的影响。木屑气化制氢优于稻壳气化制氢,木屑气化所获得的氢产率(61.7g H2/kg)约为稻壳气化所获得氢产率(53.4 g H2/kg)的1.2倍。     

脂肪腈一步法制双脂肪烃基仲胺新工艺的研究

由氨合成气代替纯氢气使脂肪腈加压催化胺化，可一步制得双脂肪烃基仲胺。采用该工艺制得的仲胺产品质量技术指标，达到国内外同类产品水平。结果表明，该工艺具有工艺简单、投资少、成本低等优点。     

干煤粉分级气流床的气化特性

针对根据无焰氧化技术设计的分级气流床气化炉,运用试验和数值模拟计算的方法对干煤粉在炉内的气化过程进行研究,分析不同进料方式及氧碳摩尔比对合成气中CO,H2和CO2体积分数、合成气热及碳转化率的影响.研究结果表明:实验结果与模拟结果基本吻合;相同进料方式下随着氧碳摩尔比的增大,合成气中CO和H2体积分数、合成气热先增大后减小,而CO2体积分数和碳转化率一直上升;相对于另外2种进料方式,三层喷嘴进料方式能使炉内温度场更均匀,平均温度提高,气化强度增加,由此表明气化炉结构和进料方式使炉内实现了基于无焰氧化技术煤粉空间气化反应的基本特征;同时,氧碳摩尔比最佳范围为1.0～1.1.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.     

Tracking data management using topology of moving object database system for moving object constrained trajectory in LBS application

Advances in wireless technologies and positioning technologies and spread of wireless devices, an interest in LBS (Location Based Service) is arising. To provide location based service, tracking data should have been stored in moving object database management system (called MODBMS) with proper policies and managed efficiently. So the methods which acquire the location information at regular time intervals then, store and manage have been studied. In this paper, we suggest tracking data management techniques using topology that is corresponding to the moving path of moving object. In our techniques, we update the MODBMS when moving object arrived at a street intersection or a curved road which is represented as the node in topology and predict the location at past and future with attribute of topology and linear function. In this technique, location data that are corresponding to the node in topology are stored, thus reduce the number of update and amount of data. Also in case predicting the location,because topology are used as well as existing location information, accuracy for prediction is increased than applying linear function or spline function.