800H合金热变形行为研究

通过高温单道次压缩实验,研究800H合金在变形温度850～1 050℃和应变速率0.01～10 s-1条件下的热变形行为和微观组织变化.根据单道次压缩实验数据,绘制了不同变形条件下的800H合金真应力-真应变曲线,通过非线性回归建立了流变应力数学模型;通过线性回归建立了不同温度区间内热变形本构方程.分析了热变形条件对合金微观组织的影响,结果表明:动态再结晶更有可能发生在低应变速率和高变形温度的变形条件下;当变形温度低于950℃时,沿晶界析出的Cr23C6粒子对动态再结晶的发生有一定的抑制作用.     

一种铸态含氮M2高速钢的热变形行为研究

采用热力模拟试验机Gleeble-3500对一种铸态含氮M2高速钢在0.01~1.0s-1及1000~1100℃条件下进行热压缩变形,获得了铸态含氮M2高速钢的流变曲线并分析了变形后的显微组织特性。实验结果表明,铸态含氮M2高速钢热变形过程中的能量消耗效率随应变速率的升高而降低,流变失稳区随应变量的增加向低应变速率和低温区域转变,热变形激活能为588.733kJ/mol,同时得到了其热变形方程和热加工图,获得热加工最佳工艺窗口为0.01~1.0 s-1和1 050~1 100℃。     

Ti62421s钛合金的热变形行为及加工图

在变形温度为900～1060℃和应变速率为0.001～10s-1条件下,对Ti62421s合金进行变形量为60％的热压缩变形,以研究Ti62421s合金的热压缩流变应力行为.研究温度与应变速率对Ti62421s热变形流变应力的影响,建立Ti62421s合金热变形流变应力的本构方程和加工图.研究结果表明:合金在热压缩过程中,流变应力随着应变的增大而增加,达到峰值应力后逐渐趋于平稳:当在高应变速率(10s-1)下变形时,出现不连续屈服现象:应力峰值随应变速率的增大而增大,随温度的升高而呈减小趋势:合金最佳变形工艺参数为:温度θ=980℃,应变速率(ε)=0.01～0.1s-1.     

纯镍N6平面热压缩变形行为及加工图

利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机对纯镍N6在变形温度800~1100℃,应变速率5~40 s-1,应变量70%条件下进行了高温塑性变形压缩试验,分析纯镍N6高温高应变速率热变形行为,得到了材料在不同变形参数条件下的组织变化规律及流变应力变化曲线,利用动态材料模型绘制出了纯镍N6在不同应变条件下的热加工图。通过对组织及热加工图的分析研究,得出变形温度为1000~1100℃,应变速率为5~7 s-1或20~40 s-1以及变形温度为800~900℃,应变速率为5~10 s-1为纯镍N6材料高温高应变速率热变形的两个合理变形参数区间,在参数区间内N6组织均匀;而流变失稳区变形参数条件下得到的组织比较紊乱,晶粒大小不一。纯镍N6热变形后的晶粒尺寸随变形温度升高及应变速率减小而增大。     

TWIP钢高温变形行为的研究

通过单道次压缩试验,对Fe-Mn-C系孪生诱导塑性钢(TWIP钢),在800~1 000℃,应变速率0.01~10.0 s-1条件下的热变形行为及组织演变规律进行了研究.实验结果表明,升高温度和降低应变速率均可促进奥氏体发生动态再结晶.根据实验所得流变应力曲线,由热变形方程计算得到了TWIP钢热变形激活能Q=421.37 kJ/mol.并在此基础上得到了TWIP钢高温变形的热加工方程.采用Z参数预测了动态再结晶的临界条件,当Z≤9.94×1018时TWIP钢易发生动态再结晶,具有较好的热加工性能.     

Dynamic recrystallization behavior of the Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb alloy during isothermal hot deformation

The hot deformation behavior of the as-cast Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb alloy was investigated by isothermal compression tests at deformation temperatures ranging from 1000℃ to 1200℃,and strain rates from 0.001 s~(-1)to 0.1 s~(-1).The single peak stress features common to all flow curves indicate that DRX is the dominating softening mechanism.The calculated values of the hot deformation activation energy Q and stress index n are 296.5 kJ mol~(-1)and 3.97,respectively.Based on this,the Arrhenius type constitutive equation was successfully established.The DRX critical condition model and relationship among DRX volume fractions,deformation temperatures and strain rates were obtained to optimize the process.Combined with microstructure analysis,it's concluded that 1200℃/0.01s~(-1)is the optimization parameter.Besides,both DDRX and CDRX were observed in theγphase evolution.The deformation mechanism from the inter-grain dislocation motion to the grain boundary migration and grain rotation was discussed.     

AISI 321奥氏体不锈钢的应变硬化行为、应变速率敏感性及热变形图

Hot compression tests were performed on AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel in the deformation temperature range of 800–1200°C and constant strain rates of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 s?1. Hot flow curves were used to determine the strain hardening exponent and the strain rate sensitivity exponent, and to construct the processing maps. Variations of the strain hardening exponent with strain were used to predict the microstructural evolutions during the hot deformation. Four variations were distinguished reflecting the different microstructural changes. Based on the analysis of the strain hardening exponent versus strain curves, the microstructural evolutions were dynamic recovery, single and multiple peak dynamic recrystallization, and interactions between dynamic recrystallization and precipitation. The strain rate sensitivity variations at an applied strain of 0.8 and strain rate of 0.1 s?1 were compared with the microstructural evolutions. The results demonstrate the existence of a reliable correlation between the strain rate sensitivity values and evolved microstructures. Additionally, the power dissipation map at the applied strain of 0.8 was compared with the resultant microstructures at predetermined deformation conditions. The microstructural evolutions strongly correlated to the power dissipation ratio, and dynamic recrystallization occurred completely at lower power dissipation ratios.     

含Sc的Al-Cu-Li合金热压缩变形的流变应力行为和显微组织

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机,在变形温度为380℃~500℃和应变速率为0.001~10 s-1的条件下对含钪铝锂合金的热变形行为进行了研究。结果表明:含钪铝锂合金流变应力随变形温度升高和应变速率的降低而减小。以实验为基础,利用作图法和线性回归方法求解得出各参数数值和流变峰值应力方程,利用该方程预测流变应力值与实验结果吻合较好;该合金在高温压缩变形中,在变形温度大于470℃和应变速率小于0.1 s-1时,合金发生了动态再结晶,且温度越高、应变速率越低,该合金越易发生动态再结晶。在380℃~470℃,0.1~10 s-1条件下,对该合金进行热变形加工较为适宜。     

电热合金Cr20 Ni80的热变形行为及热加工图

为了解决Cr20 Ni80电热合金锻造开裂的问题,在Gleeb-1500D热模拟试验机上对该合金进行热压缩试验,研究变形温度为900~1220℃,应变速率为0.001~10 s-1条件下的热变形行为,并根据动态材料模型建立合金的热加工图.合金的真应力-真应变曲线呈现稳态流变特征,峰值应力随变形温度的降低或应变速率的升高而增加;热变形过程中稳态流变应力可用双曲正弦本构方程来描述,其激活能为371.29 kJ·mol-1.根据热加工图确定了热变形流变失稳区及热变形过程的最佳工艺参数,其加工温度为1050~1200℃,应变速率为0.03~0.08 s-1.优化的热加工工艺在生产中得到验证.     

0.95C—18W—4Cr—1V高速钢动态再结晶的数学模型

应用GLEEBLE-1500热模拟试验机测量了0.95C-18W-4Cr-1V高速钢的应力－应变曲线,由此得到加工硬化率－应变关系曲线,从而确定发生动态再结晶后的稳态应变εs.稳态应变随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而下降;且随着应变速率的增加,温度的变化对稳态应变的影响逐渐减小.Zener-Holloman参数Z的变化对动态再结晶的临界应变影响较小,而对稳态应变的影响较大.回归分析得到0.95C-18W-4Cr-1V高速钢的动态再结晶的晶粒尺寸和体积分数的数学模型     

High-temperature mechanical properties and deformation behavior of high Nb containing TiAl alloys fabricated by spark plasma sintering

A high Nb containing TiAl alloy was prepared from the pre-alloyed powder of Ti-45Al-8.5Nb-0.2B-0.2W-0.02Y (at%) by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Its high-temperature mechanical properties and compressive deformation behavior were investigated in a temperature range of 700 to 1050℃ and a strain rate range of 0.002 to 0.2 s-1. The results show that the high-temperature mechanical properties of the high Nb containing TiAl alloy are sensitive to deformation temperature and strain rate, and the sensitivity to strain rate tends to rise with the deformation temperature increasing. The hot workability of the alloy is good at temperatures higher than 900℃, while fracture occurs at lower temperatures. The flow curves of the samples compressed at or above 900℃ exhibit obvious flow softening after the peak stress. Under the deformation condition of 900-1050℃ and 0.002-0.2 s-1, the interrelations of peak flow stress, strain rate, and deformation temperature follow the Arrhenius' equation modified by a hyperbolic sine function with a stress exponent of 5.99 and an apparent activation energy of 441.2 kJ·mol-1.     

铸态2．25Cr1Mo0．25V钢的高温热变形行为

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,对铸态2．25Cr1Mo0．25V钢在不同温度（950℃,1050℃,1150℃,1250℃）不同应变速率（0．005S-1,0．01S-1,0．1S-1）的条件下做热压缩试验,得到不同条件下的应力应变曲线,并分析热力学参数对曲线的影响。结果表明,随着形变温度的升高和应变速率的减小,流变应力减小,峰值应力和应变降低;确定了热变形激活能和建立了本构方程。     

热轧Nb微合金化TRIP钢高温区变形过程中Nb的析出行为

通过Gleeble热模拟实验研究了含0.038% Nb (质量分数)的热轧TRIP钢在高温奥氏体区的热加工工艺,借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜分析了组织演变和Nb的析出行为,并利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪定量分析了Nb的固溶/析出程度.在1250℃奥氏体化5 min后添加Nb有70%固溶于奥氏体.在1000℃以上的奥氏体再结晶区变形过程中Nb的析出量仅占总固溶量的3%,不能有效抑制静态再结晶,奥氏体晶粒得到明显细化.在900℃的奥氏体未再结晶区变形前析出Nb量已达到总固溶量的9%,再结晶被抑制而获得拉长状奥氏体.奥氏体未再结晶区变形可促进铁素体转变并细化铁素体晶粒.再结晶奥氏体或形变奥氏体状态下冷却至650℃时分别有占总添加量的48%和40%的Nb仍以固溶态存在.     

含稀土的23Cr型双相不锈钢的高温变形行为

利用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机在950~1200℃,应变速率为0.1~10s-1条件下进行了含稀土的23Cr型双相不锈钢的热压缩变形,获得了流变曲线,建立了热变形方程,分析了变形组织。结果表明:在流变曲线上既存在峰值应力也有稳态应力;在高温低应变速率条件下,峰值应变减小。上述变形条件下,试验钢的热变形激活能Q=436kJ/mol,表观应力指数n=3.91,热变形方程为:ε=2.41×1016[sinh(0.012σs)]3.91exp (-436000/RT)。奥氏体的动态再结晶在试验钢的动态软化机制中起主导作用且随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低越来越充分;而大应变下,铁素体的软化主要表现为较充分的动态回复。稀土元素影响了热变形时两相中Mo元素的再分配是稀土改善双相不锈钢高温塑性的重要原因之一。稀土使Mo在铁素体中浓度较低温度下降低,高温下升高;而奥氏体相中,使得Mo浓度在较低温度下升高而高温下降低。     

高锰TWIP钢热变形行为及应变补偿型本构方程的建立

对高锰TWIP钢进行不同温度(850~1100℃)和应变速率(0.01,0.1,1,5,10s^-1)的绝热压缩试验,研究试验钢高温热变形行为. 分析了变形温度和应变速率对流动特性的影响,建立了应变补偿型本构方程,并采用三种标准统计参数对应变补偿型本构方程的精确度进行了评估. 结果表明:流动应力对变形温度和应变速率的敏感程度很高,且随着变形温度的提高或应变速率的降低,流动应力呈下降趋势;应变速率对动态再结晶过程有着很复杂的影响;流动应力预测值与试验值具有较高的吻合度,表明建立的应变补偿型本构方程能够精确预测流动应力.     

Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe合金热加工图及其组织演变

采用热模拟试验机对Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe合金进行等温压缩试验,获得变形温度为750~900℃和应变速率为0.001~1 s 1时的真应力真应变曲线,并运用修正后的试验数据建立真应变为0.7的热加工图。通过显微组织观察,分析合金的变形机理,确定热变形失稳区。研究结果表明:Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe合金加工温度范围较宽,当加工温度低于800℃且变形速率大于0.1 s 1时易发生绝热剪切,造成流变失稳;随着变形温度升高,功率耗散因子η有增大趋势,合金的流动软化机制由动态回复逐渐变为动态再结晶,显微组织也随之细化、均匀。     

FGH96合金双道次热变形及其热加工图

采用 Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对 FGH96合金进行双道次真应变量为0.6+0.6和0.3+0.9的等温间断热压缩试验,研究了变形温度为1050~1125℃、变形速率为0.001~0.1 s -1时合金的热变形行为和组织演变.热变形过程中合金发生了再结晶,第一道次较小的真应变量减轻了合金的开裂.当第一道次真应变量小时,随着温度和变形速率的上升,合金道次间再结晶软化率增加.不同应变量以及不同道次真应变量均对合金热加工图产生明显影响.在相同变形条件下,当能量耗散率随应变量的增加而下降时,合金中组织由细晶向粗晶转变,反之则由粗晶向细晶转变;当能量耗散率不随应变量的变化而变化时,能量耗散率低于20%的合金中出现大量的不完全再结晶组织,能量耗散率高于35%的合金中出现细小完全再结晶组织.     

50Mn18Cr4V无磁钢的热变形行为

通过高温压缩热模拟实验,研究了50Mn18Cr4V高锰无磁钢在变形温度为900~1100℃、应变速率为01~10s-1条件下的热变形行为.结果表明,VC第二相的应变诱导析出对50Mn18Cr4V的热变形行为产生重要影响.当变形温度为900~1000℃,应变速率为5s-1时,VC第二相不能充分析出,与应变速率为1s-1相比,对动态再结晶的阻碍作用减弱.应尽量使实验钢在高温段完成热加工,并适当提高应变速率.随着变形温度降低到950℃以下,材料的塑性变差,若以较低的应变速率变形,容易造成晶界开裂;应变速率过高,容易造成流变失稳,因此,以5s-1的应变速率变形,较为适宜.确定了50Mn18Cr4V无磁钢的再结晶激活能为7769kJ/mol.通过实验数据回归,建立了实验钢的高温变形抗力模型.     

A phenomenological constitutive equation for Rene 95 PM alloy and its application to isothermal forging process of turbine disk

The flow behavior of Rene 95 PM alloy was studied from 1050 to 1150℃ with strain rate of 1×10-3, 1×10-2, 1×10-1 and 1s-1. At a given temperature and strain rate, flow curves exhibit a peak followed by flow softening up to a steady state. Moreover, at constant strain, flow stress increases with increasing strain rate and decreasing temperature. An equation relating hyperbolic sine of flow stress to hot working parameters, such as strain, strain rate and temperature, was established by using multiple nonlinear regression method. A very good agreement was found between predicted and experimental flow stress in all the strain range investigated. Application of the constitutive equation in predicting forming loads and flow behavior and temperature distribution in both upper and lower dies in an isothermal forging process of turbine disk of large dimension (about 630mm) by means of a finite element code was systematically analyzed.     

Kinetic analysis and strain-compensated constitutive models of Ti-42.9Al-4.6Nb–2Cr during isothermal compression

The hot deformation behavior of Ti-42.9Al-4.6Nb–2Cr (at. %) was investigated by isothermal compression tests at the deformation temperature range of 1373–1573 K, strain rate range of 0.001–1.0 s⁻¹, up to the strain of 0.69. The flow stress test results of Ti-42.9Al-4.6Nb–2Cr showed negative temperature and positive strain rate sensitivity. Besides, strain had a great effect on the hot deformation behavior of Ti-42.9Al-4.6Nb–2Cr. Kinetic analysis was adopted to assess the hot workability of Ti-42.9Al-4.6Nb–2Cr via apparent activation energy (Q) of hot deformation, strain-rate sensitivity index (m) and strain hardening index (n). The Q value varied from 607.1 ± 0.7 kJ·mol⁻¹ to 512.6 ± 10.8 kJ mol⁻¹ with the increasing of strain from 0.1 to 0.6. The effect of strain on the Q value at the deformation temperatures below 1473 K was mainly related to dynamic recrystallization of γ phase and kinking of γ lamellae, while the Q value at the deformation temperature above 1473 K might be linked to γ→α phase transformation and DRV of α phase. Based on the kinetic analysis, strain-compensated Arrhenius model and Hensel-Spittel model were successfully established to predict the hot workability (flow stress). Average absolute relative errors of established strain-compensated Arrhenius model and Hensel-Spittel model were 7.52% and 11.95%, respectively. Moreover, both established constitutive models can be extrapolated for predicting the flow stress of Ti-42.9Al-4.6Nb–2Cr to larger strain levels.