太阳电池热失效模型及其实验研究

银在硅中是一种具有深能级快扩散性质的杂质⒚它们在硅中形成起受主或施主作用的有效复合中心⒚这一点已由ＳＩＭＳ（二次离子质谱分析）的深度剖面分析证实⒚对于经过２４５℃３０８ｈ 处理的Ｔｉ／Ｐｄ／Ａｇ电极太阳池,其势垒区附近确实有银原子存在⒚随着势垒区中复合作用的增强,低光照时的开路电压将下降⒚根据这些现象给出了一种利用加速寿命试验估计太阳电池寿命的方法     

在电子传输层中掺杂二氧化钛纳米粒子提高反式钙钛矿太阳电池的效率

基于CH_3NH_3PbX_3(X=Cl,Br,I)材料的钙钛矿太阳电池由于其简单的制作工艺和较高的光电转换效率在近年来吸引了大量的研究。报道了在电子传输层(PCBM层)中掺杂二氧化钛纳米粒子从而提高反式结构钙钛矿太阳电池的性能。通过掺杂二氧化钛纳米粒子,使电子传输层的能级和钙钛矿层的能级更加匹配,从而改善了电子的传输和收集并抑制了正负电荷复合,提高了钙钛矿太阳电池的短路电流密度和填充因子。光电转换效率从原来的12.1%提高到了13.5%。结果表明,在PCBM层掺杂二氧化钛纳米粒子是一种简单有效的提高钙钛矿太阳电池的性能的方法。     

掺杂石墨背接触层CdS/CdTe太阳电池的深能级瞬态谱

深能级中心能显著影响太阳电池性能.制作了以掺杂石墨为背接触层的CdS/CdTe薄膜太阳电池,用深能级瞬态谱研究了它们的深能级中心.共发现了6个深中心,确定了其中两个深中心的能级位置,分别是位于EC-0.223 eV的 E3和位于EV＋0.077 eV的H3.它们主要来源于Cd与Te的空位和间隙离子、O和Cl离子以及它们相互作用形成的复合体等.     

钝化发射极,背面定域扩散高效硅太阳电池

报道了钝化发射极，背面定域扩散高效率硅太阳电池的研制结果，阐述了电池的工艺制作流程及结构设计特点，并分析其获得高转换效率的机理。由于电池设计及制作中采用了双面钝化，背面进行定域小面积的硼扩散，正面利用“倒金字塔“结构，同时配以淡磷、浓磷分区扩散等手段，使硅太阳电池的开路电压、短路电流和填充因子都得到较大提高，在ＡＭ１．５，２５℃的光照条件下，光电转换效率η＝２３．８％。     

硅太阳电池材料的深能级瞬态谱检测

本文利用深能级瞬态谱(DLTS)技术,检测和分析了制作硅太阳电池的低阻硅材料。结果表明,即使是专门订制的低阻(CZ)硅材料,通常也存在一个或若干个深中心,它们对太阳电池效率有很大影响。本文认为,制作高效率太阳电池的硅材料,除常规要求外,还应对其深中心浓度有严格的要求,即DLTS谱中不出现明显的谱峰。     

Fe~(3 )-TiO_2复合纳米薄膜的制备及光催化特性的研究

通过射频磁控溅射工艺制备了TiO2复合纳米薄膜并分析了薄膜的结构及光催化特性.退火温度在350-550℃时Fe3 -TiO2复合薄膜均为锐钛矿相,以石英玻璃为基片的掺铁TiO2复合膜在(101)面有一定的择优取向.复合膜晶粒为锥形颗粒,薄膜表面积大于同温度退火时的纯二氧化钛薄膜,晶粒结晶过程中Fe3 替位Ti4 在晶粒中形成分离的P型杂质能级,TiO2的禁带宽度受到Fe3 杂质能级的影响使TiO2复合纳米膜的光吸收阈值有明显的“红移”的现象,在模拟日光环境光催化甲基橙试验中,Fe3 -TiO2复合纳米膜的催化活性高于二氧化钛薄膜.     

柔性CZTSSe薄膜太阳电池的制备及扩散阻挡层对其性能影响的研究

在不锈钢衬底上,采用溶胶-凝胶后硒化退火工艺制备CZTSSe薄膜并构建成太阳电池器件.采用扫描电镜、X射线能量色谱仪和太阳电池测试系统对薄膜和柔性电池器件进行表征.研究结果表明:通过对比,430钢上制备的CZTSSe吸收层最符合制备高性能器件的要求;研究了不同扩散阻挡层对器件性能的影响,其中Ti阻挡层不仅可以促进CZTSSe晶粒长大,还可以显著提高电池的短路电流和填充因子,对电池的转换效率有大幅的提升,并最终获得了转化效率为1.19%的柔性CZTSSe薄膜太阳电池.     

氢气气氛中后续退火处理对ZnO:Al薄膜光电性能的影响

利用自由基辅助磁控溅射法在载玻片衬底上制备了透明导电ZnO:Al薄膜(简称AZO薄膜).研究了氢气气氛中后续退火处理对Al掺杂效率以及AZO薄膜性能的影响.研究结果表明,退火处理提高Al的掺杂效率、降低中性杂质浓度,从而提高了AZO薄膜的导电性能.AZO薄膜550℃下在H2气氛中退火处理后,其电阻率为6.5×10-4Ω·cm,550nm波长的透射率为85.7%,载流子浓度为3.3×1020cm-3,迁移率为29.7cm2·V-1·s-1.     

钝化发射极、背面定域扩散高效硅太阳电池

报道了钝化发射极、背面定域扩散高效率硅太阳电池的研制结果。阐述了电池的工艺制作流程及结构设计特点，并分析其获得高转换效率的机理。由于电池设计及制作中采用了双面钝化，背面进行定域小面积的硼扩散，正面利用“倒金字塔”结构，同时配以谈磷、浓磷分区扩散等手段，使硅太阳电他的开路电压、短路电流和填充因子都得到较大提高，在ＡＭ１．５，２５℃的光照条件下，光电转换效率η＝２３．８％。     

两步扩散法提高Si太阳电池效率的研究

提出先高温恒定源扩散后再低温恒量扩散的两步扩散法制作Ｓｉ背面场太阳电池的新工艺．与常规的一步恒定源扩散工艺比较，所制作的太阳电池短路电流Ｉｓｃ提高了约２０％，开路电压Ｖｏｃ也有明显的改善，光电转换效率提高了近４％．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.