直热式太阳能海水淡化系统的热经济学优化

为了提高直热式太阳能海水淡化系统的设计与操作,对该系统进行了热经济学优化分析．通过最小年度化热经济成本获得了系统最优化操作参数．同时讨论了进入闪蒸室的热海水温度、环境温度、蒸发器级数对年度化热经济成本的影响．结果表明：当进料海水流量为10055kg／a、闪蒸温度为60℃、蒸发器间温差为5℃时,可得到最小年度化热经济成本为1725．03￥／a;年度化热经济成本随进入闪蒸室的海水温度的升高而增加,随环境温度的升高而降低,随蒸发器级数的增多而降低．     

基于有限元的发动机受热零件温度场分析

针对490柴油机燃烧室改型后各受热零件热负荷上升的问题,采用有限元方法对其进行温度场的计算分析.在应用VB高级计算机语言编程计算气缸内气体瞬时温度和瞬时放热系数作为有限元热分析边界条件的基础上,用UG软件对活塞、缸盖及缸套进行三维建模,并导入有限元软件ANSYS进行网格划分.在ANSYS软件中采用热分析单元对各零件的温度场进行了模拟计算.结果表明:该机活塞的最高温度出现在受燃气影响最大的燃烧室喉口位置,活塞整体温度分布沿轴线向下逐渐降低,第1道环槽处温度值偏高易出现热故障,在优化设计中应采取冷却或隔热措施;缸盖底板火力面的最高温度出现在受进排气影响最大而冷却困难的鼻梁区;缸套温度沿轴线方向从上往下逐渐降低.     

城市污水污泥热解实验及产物特性

采用外热式固定床热解装置，在250～700℃温度范围内对污水污泥进行了常压热解实验．研究了不同热解终温时固、液、气产物的燃料特性．结果表明，随着热解温度的提高，固体产物挥发分减少，固定碳和灰分增加，在250～450℃挥发分随热解温度变化较快，450～700℃时变化趋缓；固体产物热值在低温段较高，350℃时达到32475．6lkJ／kg，而后随热解温度的升高而降低．通过对热解油状产物性能评价，除N、S含量超标外，其他性能都可满足燃料油的要求（SH0536-95）．根据气相色谱的分析结果，温度在250～450℃时，热解气主要为CO2；在450～700℃时，气体中H2、CH4和CO等可燃气体含量逐渐增加，600℃时气体的热值最高，达到15530kJ／m^3．实际应用中在450～600℃下热解为宜．     

热处理对锂离子电池热安全特性的影响

为了研究锂离子电池在遭受不同温度的外部刺激后其行为的差异性,实验对同一荷电状态的锂离子电池进行了不同温度的热处理,并考察了其被热处理后的热失控行为。研究通过分析锂离子电池热失控时间、热失控温度以及热失控时的电压变化,考察了不同热处理温度对同一荷电状态下的锂离子电池热失控特性的影响。研究表明,不同热处理温度对同一荷电状态下的锂离子电池的热失控最高温度及热失控时的电压变化有明显影响。热处理至80℃的锂离子电池热失控时的最高温度高于热处理至60℃及100℃时的锂离子电池。100℃热处理过的锂离子电池热失控时电压最先下降,80℃及60℃热处理过的锂离子紧随其后。实验结果可为高温环境中锂离子电池的安全应用提供理论参考。     

电化学表面处理对粘胶基碳纤维热稳定性的影响

通过热失重分析研究了在不同电化学表面处理条件下粘胶基碳纤维的热稳定性，实验表明未经表面处理的碳纤维在复合材料中的最高使用温度大约为300℃，而表面处理过的粘胶基碳纤维在复合材料中的最高使用温度下降了。因而在选择电化学表面处理条件时，既要考虑使表面性能提高，也要使纤维的热稳定性没有大的下降。     

混合封装电力电子集成模块内的传热研究

采用混合封装电力电子集成模块的热模型对模块内功率电路向驱动保护电路印刷电路板(PCB)的传热进行了研究，确定了功率器件在不同的发热量下器件和驱动保护电路PCB上的最高温度．实体模块的测试结果与热模型的计算结果良好的一致性表明：功率器件到模块内铜基板底面间的热阻为0．45℃／w；驱动保护电路PCB受功率电路的传热影响显著；在自然对流散热的情况下，功率器件的温度达到85℃左右时，PCB上的最高温度已接近70℃，此时功率器件的发热量为45W．     

试验与仿真相结合的发动机活塞热负荷分析

借助硬度塞温度测试、数值分析手段,结合对改进前活塞的温度场和热应力的计算,对发动机改进后活塞的热负荷状况进行评估.通过计算活塞传热边界条件,利用有限元分析软件,对活塞进行温度场计算,然后利用试验实测数据对其进行标定,在计算误差小于5%的情况下,得到改进前与改进后活塞在A工况和B工况下的温度场分布,最后进行了对应工况的热应力计算.结果表明在相同工况下发动机改进后活塞最高温度均比改进前活塞低,最大热应力比改进前活塞小.在改进前活塞满足热负荷要求的前提下,改进后活塞满足热负荷要求.     

SSRF中高热载挡光器的热-应力分析

上海同步辐射装置（SSRF）为第三代同步辐射装置，其设计能量为3．5GeV，最大流强为300mA，SSRF中生物大分子光束线（U21）的前端区将接收总功率为4．36kw、峰值功率密度高达44kW／mrad^2的光束，前端装置中的挡光器将阻挡全部的光束，所以挡光器的热-应力分析在前端区设计中是非常关键的．通过有限元方法，分析了挡光器在热交换系数为0．015W／mm^2、冷却水温度为30℃的工作条件下，挡光器的最高温度、最高冷却槽壁温以及最大热应力．分析结果得出挡光器的应力问题是挡光器设计的难点，为了减小挡光器工作时的热应力，对挡光器的结构进行了改进，并给出了其热-应力分析结果．     

TGA/SDTA、DSC和Py-GC-MS分析叶醇糖苷热降解性质

为了开发热稳定型香原料，采用热重分析／同步差热分析法（TGA／SDTA）、差示扫描量热法（DSC）和在线热裂解气相色谱质谱法（Py—GC—MS）对叶醇糖苷的热降解行为及产物进行了研究．TG—DTC曲线显示主要失重区间在230—370℃，峰值为339．8℃，总失重96．9％；DTA显示在290—360℃有一个吸热峰，峰值为339．8℃；DSC显示230～340℃为吸热区间，峰值为301．3℃；Py—GC—MS测定了在200，350，500，650℃各温度下叶醇糖苷裂解的主要产物．在200℃，裂解量很少，350℃时则产生大量的叶醇和少量副产物，随着温度的升高，500℃和650℃时产生的副产物增加，使叶醇糖苷释放叶醇的最佳温度是350℃；热裂解的特征产物是叶醇，说明主要的裂解反应是氧糖苷键的断裂．     

钼酚醛树脂热分解动力学的研究

用热重法TG分析了钼酚醛树脂的热分解动力学。实验结果表明：固化剂六亚甲基四胺与钼酚醛树脂配比为10／100时，钼酚醛树脂的热失重率最低，同时热分解温度最高；钼酚醛树脂的热分解反应为一级反应，热分解活化能为137．5kJ／mol，500℃时热分解速率常数为9．83^＊10^4s^-1。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.