失控自复制导致的社会结构破坏与自组织临界现象

最近Apis mellifera capensis(AMC)蜂侵入正常的A.M.Scutellata(AMS)蜂群造成破坏的机制引起了科学界的兴趣.这是由于AMC蜂在正常蜂群中的失控自复制可能与癌细胞的恶性增生、一些强传染性流行病的传播、以及某些恶性社会团体发展导致社会动荡的机制相似.文中提出对这种失控自复制导致社会结构破坏机制的一种新猜测,即失控自复制行为阻断、混淆、打乱了社会正常信息结构,并基于此猜测用一个原胞自动机模型对破坏过程作了模拟,说明了这种破坏可以对应于一个逾渗相变,并且是一种自组织临界现象.     

意大利蜜蜂性诱素9-氧代-反-2-癸烯酸的合成

以已二醇为原料,经五步反应,合成了意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera L.)性诱素,9-氧代-反-2-癸烯酸。在将炔醇氧化为炔醛时,采用了改进的Collins氧化法,缩短了反应时间,提高了收率。     

一种适于意大利蜜蜂中肠总蛋白提取方法的建立和应用

依次采用不锈钢珠破碎结合IPG裂解液法、液氮研磨结合IPG 裂解液法、液氮研磨结合 PBS 裂解液法和不锈钢珠结合 PBS 裂解液法提取意大利蜜蜂（Apis mellifera ligustica，Ap）中肠总蛋白，并通过 SDS-PAGE 对获得的总蛋白进行质量检测。结果显示，与其他 3 种方法相比，利用不锈钢玻璃珠破碎处理结合 PBS 裂解液法能够提取并获得丰度较高的 Ap 中肠总蛋白，蛋白质种类较多，分子量大小为 18.4～116 kD，样品的电泳条带清晰可见。应用该方法还开展了 Ap 感染东方蜜蜂微孢子虫（Nosema ceranae，Nc）后中肠组织蛋白质的差异表达分析，结果显示感染 Nc的 Ap 中肠出现了蛋白质的上调表达；同时 SDS-PAGE 结果显示该方法也适用于中华蜜蜂（Apis cerana ceranaFabricius，Api）中肠总蛋白的提取。利用不锈钢玻璃珠破碎处理结合 PBS 裂解液法提取 Ap 中肠总蛋白方法的建立将有助于对蜜蜂中肠蛋白进行鉴定分析，为深入研究蜜蜂中肠蛋白质组成、功能及其肠道免疫机制奠定基础。
     

中蜂(Apis cerana Smith)和意蜂(Apismellifera Linnaeus)乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)性质比较研究

试验结果表明,中蜂(Apis cerana Smith)和意蜂(Apis mellifera Linnaeus)的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)对底物乙酰硫代胆碱的反应性质具有明显的不同。中蜂的AchE的反应初速度和反应进程曲线的线性相关时间范围分别是0.027(OD_(412)值/min,0.8头)和0—10分钟,而意蜂则分别为0.012和0—15分钟。米氏常数值和最大反应速度值,中蜂分别为6.25mmol/L和0.105(OD_(412)值/min,0.4头),意蜂分别为0.862和0.015(仅为中蜂的13.8％和14.3％)。中蜂和意蜂AchE对残杀威的双分子速率常数值(K_i),氨基甲酰化常数(K_2)、解离常数(K_d)以及I_(50)值没有明显的差异。但是,对敌百虫的反应确明显不同,K_i、K_2、K_d和I_(50)值分别相差2.70、1.39、1.94和5.64倍。说明中蜂和意蜂AchE对氨基甲酸酯类化合物和有机磷类化合物的反应是不同的。     

一种适于意大利蜜蜂中肠总蛋白提取方法的建立和应用

依次采用不锈钢珠破碎结合IPG裂解液法、液氮研磨结合IPG裂解液法、液氮研磨结合PBS裂解液法和不锈钢珠结合PBS裂解液法提取意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica,Ap)中肠总蛋白,并通过SDS-PAGE对获得的总蛋白进行质量检测。结果显示,与其他3种方法相比,利用不锈钢玻璃珠破碎处理结合PBS裂解液法能够提取并获得丰度较高的Ap中肠总蛋白,蛋白质种类较多,分子量大小为18.4~116kD,样品的电泳条带清晰可见。应用该方法还开展了Ap感染东方蜜蜂微孢子虫(Nosema ceranae,Nc)后中肠组织蛋白质的差异表达分析,结果显示感染Nc的Ap中肠出现了蛋白质的上调表达;同时SDS-PAGE结果显示该方法也适用于中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana Fabricius)中肠总蛋白的提取。利用不锈钢玻璃珠破碎处理结合PBS裂解液法提取Ap中肠总蛋白方法的建立将有助于对蜜蜂中肠蛋白进行鉴定分析,为深入研究蜜蜂中肠蛋白质组成、功能及其肠道免疫机制奠定基础。     

一种利用动态密码体制改进Kerberos协议的方法

针对Kerberos认证协议所存在的缺陷，提出了一种利用logistic映射的动态密码体制对原有协议改进的方法．该方法在保持原有协议的基本体系不变的前提下，较大地提高了安全性，有效地防范了口令猜测攻击和口令泄漏等．     

关于频谱有限函数外推Sanz-Huang猜测Ⅱ的改进

对文[2]中关于频谱有限函数外推的Sanz－Huang猜测Ⅱ做了改进，使结论适合于有噪及无噪两种情形．     

关于多指标强极限定理

文［１］对Ｂ￣－值ｉ．ｉ．ｄ．ｒ．ｖ．列研究了多指标强收敛与单指标一些收敛的关系，并提出一个猜测，本文在２－型空间中，对更一般的Ｂ－值ｍ＿－相依强平稳ｒ．ｖ．列证明了这一猜测，即指出多指标强收敛与某单变量矩有限的关系，并提出更为丰富的等价条件．     

基于混沌时间序列分析的信息注入技术研究

初始序列号猜测是在信息对抗中谋求信息优势的一项关键技术。目前常用的初始序列号猜测算法是Michal算法。在对Michal算法进行分析的基础上，结合混沌时间序列分析方法和线性回归法，提出了一种新的初始序列号猜测算法并加以验证；结果表明，序列号猜测对信息注入是有效的，可以减少注入的不确定性，目前操作系统的ISN生成算法仍然存在安全风险。     

关于变换群的两个教学案例的比较研究

用新的教学理念分析、对比了有关变换群的两个教学案例，一个是传统的传授式，按照定义、定理、证明、例题的顺序展开；一个是探究式，按照创设问题情景、猜测、验证、反驳、再猜测、再验证的顺序展开．结果发现：两种方式体现了不同的教学理念，将学生的思维水平提升到不同的层次．后一种教学方式将学生的思维水平提高到探究性理解的层次上，更利于学生创新能力的培养．     

Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera

Here we report the genome sequence of the honeybee Apis mellifera, a key model for social behaviour and essential to global ecology through pollination. Compared with other sequenced insect genomes, the A. mellifera genome has high A+T and CpG contents, lacks major transposon families, evolves more slowly, and is more similar to vertebrates for circadian rhythm, RNA interference and DNA methylation genes, among others. Furthermore, A. mellifera has fewer genes for innate immunity, detoxification enzymes, cuticle-forming proteins and gustatory receptors, more genes for odorant receptors, and novel genes for nectar and pollen utilization, consistent with its ecology and social organization. Compared to Drosophila, genes in early developmental pathways differ in Apis, whereas similarities exist for functions that differ markedly, such as sex determination, brain function and behaviour. Population genetics suggests a novel African origin for the species A. mellifera and insights into whether Africanized bees spread throughout the New World via hybridization or displacement.     

含毒死蜱有效成分的杀虫剂对意大利蜂(Apis mellifera L.)的经口毒性

采用摄入法在室内测定了7种含有毒死蜱有效成分的杀虫剂对成年意大利蜂的急性经口毒性.结果表明:所测定的7种杀虫剂对成年意大利的急性经口毒性均为高毒;毒力由高到低的顺序是:10％阿维·毒死蜱乳油＞12％高氯·毒死蜱乳油＞50％毒死蜱微乳剂＞30％甲维·毒死蜱乳油＞30％毒死蜱·三唑磷乳油＞20％毒死蜱·氟铃脲乳油＞22％吡虫·毒死蜱乳油.另外,22％吡虫·毒死蜱乳油对供试蜜蜂24h和48h的致死作用存在明显的差异,其24h LC50值约是48h LC50值的12.6倍.     

紫藤传粉昆虫与花粉多型性研究

定位观测了紫藤的访花昆虫种类及觅食行为,用扫描电镜观察了花粉形态。结果表明：紫藤的主要访花昆虫为膜翅目的黄胸木蜂和意大利蜂,两者都有传粉行为,属传粉者。意大利蜂除有传粉行为外还有偷蜜行为。花粉在形态上表现出多型性：长球形（赤道观长椭圆形,极面观近三裂圆形）,三孔沟;三菱锥形（赤道观近三角形,极面观近三角形）,六孔沟;赤道观近三角形,极面观近菱形,四孔沟。外壁纹饰均为橘皮状。     

Parasitic Cape honeybee workers, Apis mellifera capensis, evade policing.

Relocation of the Cape honeybee, Apis mellifera capensis, by bee-keepers from southern to northern South Africa in 1990 has caused widespread death of managed African honeybee, A. m. scutellata, colonies. Apis mellifera capensis worker bees are able to lay diploid, female eggs without mating by means of automictic thelytoky (meiosis followed by fusion of two meiotic products to restore egg diploidy), whereas workers of other honeybee subspecies are able to lay only haploid, male eggs. The A. m. capensis workers, which are parasitizing and killing A. m. scutellata colonies in northern South Africa, are the asexual offspring of a single, original worker in which the small amount of genetic variation observed is due to crossing over during meiosis (P. Kryger, personal communication). Here we elucidate two principal mechanisms underlying this parasitism. Parasitic A. m. capensis workers activate their ovaries in host colonies that have a queen present (queenright colonies), and they lay eggs that evade being killed by other workers (worker policing)-the normal fate of worker-laid eggs in colonies with a queen. This unique parasitism by workers is an instance in which a society is unable to control the selfish actions of its members.     

4种昆虫基因组中的线粒体假基因

为了进一步了解昆虫核基因组中线粒体假基因(Numts)序列分布情况,避免Numts序列对基于线粒体DNA(mtDNA)进行系统发育关系研究结果的误导,利用Blast N对GenBank中已完成核基因组和mtDNA测序的4种昆虫核基因组中的Numts序列进行检索,结果表明:冈比亚按蚊Anopheles gambiae中没有Numts序列;黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster中仅有少量Numts序列;赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum和意大利蜜蜂Apis melliera基因组中Numts序列超过100条,尤其是意大利蜜蜂中的Numts序列涵盖全部mtDNA.ND2,ND4,ND5,COⅠ与lrRNA向核内转移频率高于其他mtDNA基因片段,因此,在使用其进行系统发育关系研究时需加倍谨慎.     

等电聚焦电泳分析苹果酸脱氢酶Ⅱ同工酶及基因型实验教学设计

改革目前生物化学实验中＂同工酶＂的实验方法,设计了等电聚焦电泳分析西方蜜蜂苹果酸脱氢酶Ⅱ同工酶及基因型的实验。等电聚焦电泳完全分离苹果酸脱氢酶Ⅱ同工酶的不同酶谱条带,电泳图谱清晰,并能同时分析同工酶型和基因型。该实验综合性强,实验结果清晰、直观。     

The recent disciplinal progresses of agricultural entomology in China

In this paper, four recent advances and achievements of China in agricultural insect research, namely, on the genome of silkworm （Bombyx mori Linnaeus）, on the geographical differentiation and regional migration of cotton bollworm （Helicoverpa armigera （Hübner））, on the standardized monitoring techniques for safety of honey bee （Apis mellifera Linnaeus） products, and on the virus transmission property of small brown planthopper （Laodelphax striatellus （Fallén）） as well as the interactions between vector and rice stripe virus （RSV）, were reported. All of these researches are very important for controlling agricultural insect pests and the diseases they transmit, accelerating the molecular biological research of silkworm, and promoting the international trade of honey bee products. Most of these achievements mentioned above have got the national, provincial, ministerial or municipal awards on science and technology.     

Olfaction: scent-triggered navigation in honeybees

The honeybee, Apis mellifera, navigates rapidly and accurately to food sources that are often kilometres away. They achieve this by learning visual cues, such as the location and colour of nectar-bearing flowers, and chemical cues, such as the scent and the taste of the nectar. Here we train bees to visit differently scented sugar feeders placed at specific outdoor locations and find that they can be induced to visit the same locations simply by having the corresponding scent blown into the hive, even when the destinations no longer have the food or carry the scent. A familiar nectar scent can trigger specific memories of a route and therefore expedite navigation to the food source.     

Entomology: Asian honeybees parasitize the future dead

The queen of a honeybee colony has a reproductive monopoly because her workers' ovaries are normally inactive and any eggs that they do lay are eaten by their fellow workers. But if a colony becomes queenless, the workers start to lay eggs, stop policing and rear a last batch of males before the colony finally dies out. Here we show that workers of the Asian dwarf red honeybee Apis florea from other colonies exploit this interval as an opportunity to move in and lay their own eggs while no policing is in force. Such parasitism of queenless colonies does not occur in the western honeybee A. mellifera and may be facilitated by the accessibility of A. florea nests, which are built out in the open.     

Royalactin induces queen differentiation in honeybees

The honeybee (Apis mellifera) forms two female castes: the queen and the worker. This dimorphism depends not on genetic differences, but on ingestion of royal jelly, although the mechanism through which royal jelly regulates caste differentiation has long remained unknown. Here I show that a 57-kDa protein in royal jelly, previously designated as royalactin, induces the differentiation of honeybee larvae into queens. Royalactin increased body size and ovary development and shortened developmental time in honeybees. Surprisingly, it also showed similar effects in the fruitfly (Drosophila melanogaster). Mechanistic studies revealed that royalactin activated p70 S6 kinase, which was responsible for the increase of body size, increased the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase, which was involved in the decreased developmental time, and increased the titre of juvenile hormone, an essential hormone for ovary development. Knockdown of epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) expression in the fat body of honeybees and fruitflies resulted in a defect of all phenotypes induced by royalactin, showing that Egfr mediates these actions. These findings indicate that a specific factor in royal jelly, royalactin, drives queen development through an Egfr-mediated signalling pathway.