Y-TZP纳米陶瓷的制备、结构及力学性能

采用沉淀法制备的Y-TZP纳米粉体经冷压成型后烧结成Y-TZP纳米陶瓷.结果表明,Y-TZP纳米陶瓷的密度随着烧结温度的升高和烧结时间的延长而增大,但随成型压力和初始粉体颗粒的增大而减小.而陶瓷平均晶粒尺寸随成型压力的增大和烧结时间延长而长大.烧结过程中大量单斜相ZrO2生成改变了Y-TZP纳米陶瓷的烧结行为和微结构.采用无压烧结获得了相对密度为98%、平均晶粒尺寸为60 nm的Y-TZP纳米陶瓷.Y-TZP纳米陶瓷的显微硬度主要取决于陶瓷的相对密度、相结构和晶粒尺寸,即陶瓷的四方相质量分数越高,相对密度越大,晶粒尺寸越小,则显微硬度越高.     

竹浆纤维含量及纬密对竹浆纤维/棉织物防紫外线性能的影响

采用HB902型防紫外线透过及防晒保护测试系统,根据GB/T6529—2008和GB/T18830—2009对15种不同规格的棉与竹浆纤维/棉交织面料的防紫外线性能进行了测试,研究了竹浆纤维含量及纬纱密度变化对交织物防紫外线性能的影响.结果表明:在UVB波段的紫外线透过率,竹浆纤维/棉交织物小于纯棉织物;而在UVA波段中340～400 nm的紫外线透过率,竹浆纤维/棉交织物大于纯棉织物;随着纬纱中竹浆纤维含量的增加,中波长紫外线透过率呈现先减小再增加再减小再增加的变化规律,竹浆纤维质量分数为30%时中波长紫外线透过率最小;随着纬纱中竹浆纤维含量的增加,长波长紫外线透过率呈现增加的规律;当经密不变、纬纱中竹浆纤维含量不变时,随着纬密的增大,紫外线透过率减小,织物的防紫外线性能增强.     

LD侧面泵浦被动Q开关Nd:YAG激光器模拟与实验研究

该研究考虑被动调Q过程的动态损耗,即考虑可饱和吸收体的吸收系数随时间的变化,分析了LD端面泵浦被动Q开关Nd:YAG激光器的速率方程组。数值模拟了在不同可饱和吸收体初始透过率,以及不同输出耦合镜透过率的情况下,输出激光的单脉冲能量和脉宽。并与试验结果进行了对比。模拟结果和实验结果相符合。研究结果表明随着初始透过率的增加单脉冲能量逐渐减小,而脉宽逐渐增大。随着输出耦合镜透过率的增加,单脉冲能量先增大后减小,脉宽先减小后增大。     

竹浆纤维含量及纬密对竹浆纤维/棉织物防紫外线性能的影响

采用HB902型防紫外线透过及防晒保护测试系统,根据GB/T6529—2008和GB/T18830—2009对15种不同规格的棉与竹浆纤维/棉交织面料的防紫外线性能进行了测试,研究了竹浆纤维含量及纬纱密度变化对交织物防紫外线性能的影响.结果表明：在UVB波段的紫外线透过率,竹浆纤维/棉交织物小于纯棉织物;而在UVA波段中340～400 nm的紫外线透过率,竹浆纤维/棉交织物大于纯棉织物;随着纬纱中竹浆纤维含量的增加,中波长紫外线透过率呈现先减小再增加再减小再增加的变化规律,竹浆纤维质量分数为30%时中波长紫外线透过率最小;随着纬纱中竹浆纤维含量的增加,长波长紫外线透过率呈现增加的规律;当经密不变、纬纱中竹浆纤维含量不变时,随着纬密的增大,紫外线透过率减小,织物的防紫外线性能增强.     

烧结温度和升温速率对钛酸钡陶瓷结构及 介电性能的影响

采用固相法制备BaTiO3陶瓷,研究了烧结温度和烧结升温速率对陶瓷试样晶体结构、 微观形貌、介电性能的影响。实验表明,所制陶瓷均为四方相钙钛矿晶格结构。烧结温度低会造 成较多点缺陷,随烧结温度的增大,晶体均匀度和致密性有效提高,晶粒尺寸增大有助于促进畴壁 运动,介电性能有所提升。烧结升温速率过慢同样会造成点缺陷浓度增多,且有液相生成,气孔较 多,气孔含量高会降低介电性能的稳定性、减小介电常数、增大介电损耗;提高升温速率同样有助 于提高晶粒尺寸、均匀度和致密性,当晶粒尺寸到达单畴晶粒尺寸附近时,内应力为0,90°铁电畴 贡献高介电常数;但过快的升温速率会出现“过烧现象”,致使介电性能下降。当以5 ℃/min的烧结 升温速率升温至1 275 ℃时,介电常数最大,介电损耗最小,其值分别为ε=2 374,tanδ=0.023 18。     

气体分离用管状炭分子筛膜

以无机陶瓷管为支撑体、热塑性酚醛树脂为原料,经高温炭化制备了炭分子筛膜.用低温N2吸附的方法测定了炭分子筛膜的比表面积,用扫描电子显微镜对膜的形貌和厚度进行了表征.考察了膜的气体透过率以及气体的理想选择性随温度的变化关系： H2、CO2、O2、N2和CH4的透过率随温度的升高而增大;理想选择性α（H2/N2）、α（CO2/N2）、α（CO2/CH4）随温度的升高而减小,而α（O2/N2）随温度的升高先增大后减小,在90℃左右气体选择性达到最大.最后由阿累尼乌斯公式计算了气体透过炭分子筛膜的活化能, 进一步说明气体透过机理为活化扩散.     

选区激光熔化FeCoNiCr系高熵合金微观组织的实验研究

介绍了关于选区激光熔化的热分析理论,利用选区激光熔化技术制备FeCoNiCrAl_0.5和FeCoNiCrAl_0.8高熵合金试件.利用超景深显微镜对试件微观组织进行观测,分析了粉末粒径、元素含量,以及工艺参数等因素对选区激光熔化高熵合金的微观组织的影响.结果表明,随着激光功率增大,试件顶部等轴晶的占比越来越少,尺寸越来越细小,试件底部组织中枝晶的占比逐渐增多,尺寸不断增大;随着扫描速度增大,高熵合金试件底部组织中枝晶尺寸逐渐减小、宽度变窄;搭接率对高熵合金试件微观组织影响较小;制得的高熵合金试件存在着裂纹、凹陷及气孔等缺陷.     

基于蒙特卡罗模拟方法的圆筒形固体核径迹氡探测器探测效率的研究

以²²²Rn累积浓度的测量为研究对象,采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法,研究了圆筒形固体核径迹探测器的探测效率与圆筒体高度、固体核径迹片尺寸和形状之间的关系。研究结果表明:1)当圆筒形探测器半径和固体核径迹片尺寸一定时,圆筒形探测器的固有效率、击中效率以及总探测效率均随着探测器高度的增加而减小;2)当圆筒形探测器尺寸一定时,击中效率随着圆形固体核径迹片的半径增大而减小,固有效率和总探测效率会随着固体核径迹片半径的增大而增加;3)当圆筒形探测器尺寸和固体核径迹片面积相同时,采用圆形固体核径迹片的探测器和采用方形固体核径迹片探测器的固有效率基本相同,但前者的击中效率以及总探测效率明显都高于后者。     

添加BaO-B2O3-SiO2玻璃对Sr0.3BaO0.7Nb2O6陶瓷烧结和介电性能的影响

以分析纯的BaCO3,SrCO3,Nb2O5,H38O3和SiO2粉末为原料,采用传统的固相合成法制备添加50BaO-4082O3-10SiO2玻璃(物质的量比)的Sro.3Ba0.7Nb2O6(即SBN70)陶瓷.采用X线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和阻抗分析仪研究添加玻璃对SBN70陶瓷的烧结和介电性能的影响.研究结果表明;随着玻璃含量的增加,陶瓷样品的相对密度先增大后减小;当玻璃含量为5%(质量分数,下同)时,样品的密度达到最大值;添加玻璃降低了陶瓷的烧结温度,于1 250℃时添加5%玻璃的SBN70陶瓷已烧结致密,陶瓷的平均晶粒尺寸约2 μm,晶粒呈短柱状结构;当玻璃含量增大时,晶粒尺寸呈增大趋势;当玻璃添加量≤5%时,样品仍为单相四方钨青铜结构;当含量为10%时,出现了第二相SrB4O7;随着玻璃含量的增加,SBN70衍射峰的位置先移向低角度后移向高角度,而居里温度T0逐渐降低,从195℃下降到25℃左右;随玻璃含量的增加,最大介电常数εmax呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,而介电损耗tan δ则随玻璃含量的增大而减小;添加玻璃的SBN70陶瓷具有弥散相变特性,其弥散系数γ随添加玻璃含量的增加而增大.     

a-Si∶H/a-SiN_x∶H超晶格薄膜的光声谱

我们应用光声技术,研究a-Si:H/a-SiN_x:H超晶格薄膜中载流子的非辐射复合和量子尺寸效应,发现载流子的非辐射复合与超晶格薄膜中的缺阱有关;超晶格薄膜的光学能隙随着势阱宽度减小而增大。     

High-cycle fatigue crack initiation and propagation in laser melting deposited TC18 titanium alloy

This article examines fatigue crack nucleation and propagation in laser deposited TC18 titanium alloy. The Widmanst?tten structure was obtained by double-annealing treatment. High-cycle fatigue (HCF) tests were conducted at room temperature with the stress ratio of 0.1 and the notch concentration factor K_t = 1. Fatigue cracks initiated preferentially at micropores, which had great effect on the HCF properties. The effect decreased with the decrease of pore size and the increase of distance from the pore location to the specimen surface. The crack initiation region was characterized by the cleavage facets of α lamella and the tearing of β matrix. The soft α precipitated-free zone formed along grain boundaries accelerated the crack propagation. Subsurface observation indicated that the crack preferred to propagate along the grain boundary α or border of α lamella or vertical to α lamella.     

Fe--36 Ni因瓦合金的热塑性

采用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机研究Fe-36Ni合金在900~1200℃的热塑性行为,并用FactSage软件、扫描电镜及透射电镜等研究该合金热塑性的影响因素及作用机理.结果表明：合金中主要形成Al2 O3+Ti3 O5+MnS复合夹杂,夹杂物颗粒尺寸集中分布在0.5μm以下.合金热塑性在900~1050℃受晶界滑移及动态再结晶共同影响.晶界上分布的纳米级别(<200 nm)夹杂物有效钉扎晶界,抑制动态再结晶发生的同时减小晶界结合力.微米级别(>200 nm)夹杂物则促进显微裂纹在晶界滑移过程中的形成和扩展,损害合金热塑性.当温度高于1050℃时,较高的变形温度使再结晶驱动力大于钉扎作用力,合金发生动态再结晶,有效提高热塑性.在1100~1200℃区间内,枝晶间裂纹的形成、晶界滑移的加剧及动态再结晶晶粒尺寸增大都降低合金热塑性.     

热轧态与回火态 AH80 DB 低碳贝氏体钢组织与冲击韧性

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对热轧态和回火态AH80DB低碳贝氏体钢的显微组织、马氏体/奥氏体( M/A)岛、第二相的析出行为以及晶界取向差、有效晶粒尺寸进行研究,揭示回火后低碳贝氏体钢冲击韧性得到改善的原因.结果表明：两种试样的组织均由板条状贝氏体、粒状贝氏体和针状铁素体组成,其中回火态试样中针状铁素体组织较多.热轧态钢中存在较大尺寸M/A岛且呈方向性分布,大角度晶界比例占17.33%,有效晶粒尺寸为3.57μm;而回火态钢中M/A岛的尺寸较小,大角度晶界比例增加3.43%,有效晶粒尺寸减小0.56μm.热轧态钢中析出相主要是( Nb,Ti) C,尺寸在50~150 nm之间,回火态试样中析出较多细小的球状( Nb,Ti) C析出相,尺寸在10 nm左右.     

Metallographic etching and microstructure characterization of NiCrMoV rotor steels for nuclear power

The grain size of prior austenite has a distinct influence on the microstructure and final mechanical properties of steels. Thus, it is significant to clearly reveal the grain boundaries and therefore to precisely characterize the grain size of prior austenite. For NiCrMoV rotor steels quenched and tempered at high temperature, it is really difficult to display the grain boundaries of prior austenite clearly, which limits a further study on the correlation between the properties and the corresponding microstructure. In this paper, an effective etchant was put forward and further optimized. Experimental results indicated that this agent was effective to show the details of grain boundaries, which help analyze fatigue crack details along the propagation path. The optimized corrosion agent is successful to observe the microstructure characteristics and expected to help analyze the effect of microstructure for a further study on the mechanical properties of NiCrMoV rotor steels used in the field of nuclear power.     

粗大奥氏体晶粒中应变诱导铁素体形成特点

观察粗大奥氏体经不同应变后的淬火组织,分析应变诱导铁素体的形成特点．结果表 明：奥氏体晶粒尺寸影响应变诱导铁素作的形成方式;在形变初期粗大奥氏体（～２５０－μｍ）应变诱 导铁素体主要在晶界、退火孪晶界形核,随应变增加,可通过形变带形核：而尺寸较小的奥氏体 （～７ μｍ）,铁素体形核主要在晶界;随奥氏体晶粒尺寸增大,形变带上形核比例明显提高,而在 晶界形核的比例减小．     

震后击实黄土和原状黄土的液化试验研究

在饱和黄土动三轴试验的基础上,结合黄土微观结构特征研究和粒度组成分析,讨论了等效循环荷载作用下震后击实黄土和原状黄土的孔压比一应变关系,并从微观结构特征参数和粒度组成方面阐述了黄土孔压发展规律差异的原因．试验结果表明：击实黄土在液化过程中孔压发展较原状黄土慢,主要原因在于原状黄土大中孔隙较击实黄土含量多;震后黄土的粘粒含量较震前均有一定程度的增加,粉粒相应减少,砂粒变化较小,液化应力比随着粘粒含量的增加而增大,抗液化能力降低．     

光纤光栅中双折射致偏振相关特性

为了研究光纤光栅在横向压力作用下的双折射效应,讨论了光纤光栅中双折射所致的透射特性以及偏振相关特性的变化。通过仿真分析了起偏角对传输特性的影响,研究了双折射效应引起的光纤光栅偏振相关特性。利用传输矩阵法,仿真分析了光栅的参数、结构类型、光纤本征双折射和光栅中光致双折射对偏振相关损耗的影响,并利用邦加球分析了经光栅双折射作用的透射光偏振态的变化。结果表明,双折射的大小和偏振相关损耗以及第一斯托克斯参量之间存在单调递增关系。此结论为利用光纤光栅的偏振特性进行弱压力传感测量提供了基础。     

铁素体基Ti-Mo微合金钢超细碳化物析出规律

利用光学显微镜、透射电镜和能谱分析等方法对两种不同Ti含量的铁素体基Ti--Mo微合金钢中析出相的尺寸、分布特征、析出规律和成分进行了研究.结果表明:钢中绝大多数析出相为超细碳化物,尺寸小于10 nm,析出相尺寸呈正态分布.随着Ti质量分数由0.072%增到0.092%,析出粒子平均尺寸增大,分布峰值向粒子尺寸增大的方向移动.Ti--Mo微合金钢具有栅格状的相间析出方式,栅格间距受冷速的影响较大,晶内和靠近晶界处的栅格间距不同.能谱分析发现,不同尺寸的粒子Mo含量不同,较大颗粒(50 nm左右)析出相中不含Mo,小颗粒(20 nm)中碳化物是Ti和Mo的复合析出相,且随着粒子尺寸的减小,成分中Mo所占比重增大.     

Grains and grain boundaries in single-layer graphene atomic patchwork quilts

The properties of polycrystalline materials are often dominated by the size of their grains and by the atomic structure of their grain boundaries. These effects should be especially pronounced in two-dimensional materials, where even a line defect can divide and disrupt a crystal. These issues take on practical significance in graphene, which is a hexagonal, two-dimensional crystal of carbon atoms. Single-atom-thick graphene sheets can now be produced by chemical vapour deposition on scales of up to metres, making their polycrystallinity almost unavoidable. Theoretically, graphene grain boundaries are predicted to have distinct electronic, magnetic, chemical and mechanical properties that strongly depend on their atomic arrangement. Yet because of the five-order-of-magnitude size difference between grains and the atoms at grain boundaries, few experiments have fully explored the graphene grain structure. Here we use a combination of old and new transmission electron microscopy techniques to bridge these length scales. Using atomic-resolution imaging, we determine the location and identity of every atom at a grain boundary and find that different grains stitch together predominantly through pentagon-heptagon pairs. Rather than individually imaging the several billion atoms in each grain, we use diffraction-filtered imaging to rapidly map the location, orientation and shape of several hundred grains and boundaries, where only a handful have been previously reported. The resulting images reveal an unexpectedly small and intricate patchwork of grains connected by tilt boundaries. By correlating grain imaging with scanning probe and transport measurements, we show that these grain boundaries severely weaken the mechanical strength of graphene membranes but do not as drastically alter their electrical properties. These techniques open a new window for studies on the structure, properties and control of grains and grain boundaries in graphene and other two-dimensional materials.     

Microstructure and properties of A2017 alloy strips processed by a novel process by combining semisolid rolling, deep rolling, and heat treatment

A novel short process for producing A2017 alloy strips with notable features of near net shape, saving energy, low cost, and high product performance was developed by combining semisolid rolling, deep rolling, and heat treatment. The microstructure and properties of the A2017 alloy strips were investigated by metallographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, tensile testing, and hardness measurement. The cross-sectional microstructure of the A2017 alloy strips is mainly composed of near-spherical primary grains. Many eutectic phases CuAl₂ formed along primary grain boundaries during semisolid rolling are crushed and broken into small particles. After solution treatment at 495℃ for 2 h the eutectic phases at grain boundaries have almost dissolved into the matrix. When the solution treatment time exceeds 2 h, grain coarsening happens. More and more grain interior phases precipitate with the aging time prolonging to 8 h. The precipitated particles are very small and distribute homogenously, and the tensile strength reaches its peak value. When the aging time is prolonged to 12 h, there is no obvious variation in the amount of precipitated phases, but the size and spacing of precipitated phases increase. The tensile strength of the A2017 alloy strips produced by the present method can reach 362.78 MPa, which is higher than that of the strips in the national standard of China.