金电极的逐层自线装修饰

本文运用自组装技术用ω巯基己酸化学修饰金电极形成第一层修饰层,ω－巯基己酸暴露在外表面的羧基活性基团还可在气相条件下进行酰胺化反应键接上乙二胺,从而实现逐层自组装修饰金电极,同时对此修饰电极也进行了电化学表征。     

多巴胺在2-氨基-5-巯基-[1,3,4]三氮唑自组装膜电极上的电化学行为研究

利用新合成的巯基试剂2-氨基-5-巯基-[1，3,4]三氮唑在金电极表面进行了首次自组装，用电化学法和扫描电子显微镜对自组装膜电极进行了表征．研究了多巴胺在该自组装膜电极上的电化学行为，发现该自组装膜能有效促进多巴胺在电极与溶液之间的电子传递，表现为-二电子传递的准可逆行为，电极反应速率常数为0．1049cm／s．该自组装膜电极用于多巴胺注射液含量的测定，结果满意．     

超氧化物歧化酶模型化合物在金电极上的分子A组装

采用3-巯基丙酸在金电极上自组装得到自组装单分子层(SAM)，再利用DCC作酰胺键偶合剂，将超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)模型化合物Fe(IDB)CI3(简称Fe-MSOD，IDB为N，N-二(2’-苯并咪唑甲基)亚胺)共价键合到自组装在金电极表面的3-巯基丙酸单分子层上，构筑了一种超氧化物歧化酶模型化合物分子组装体系膜修饰电极(Fe-MSOD／3-MPA／Au)．采用电化学循环伏安法、交流阻抗法对该修饰电极进行了表征．初步探讨了此修饰电极的电化学氧化还原性质．     

金电极的逐层自组装修饰

本文运用自组装技术用ω-巯基己酸化学修饰金电极形成第一层修饰层,ω-巯基己酸暴露在外表面的羧基活性基团还可在气相条件下进行酰胺化反应键接上乙二胺,从而实现逐层自组装修饰金电极.同时对此修饰电极也进行了电化学表征.     

DNAzyme在金电极上自组装电化学生物传感器的制备

利用巯基与金表面Au-S键的自组装技术,可以将巯基修饰的DNAzyme固定在金电极表面形成电化学生物传感器,并以含有[Fe(CN)6]3-/4-的磷酸缓冲液(PBS)作为电化学检测底液,利用循环伏安法初步研究该修饰电极的电化学行为和修饰过程的电化学表征.DNAzymes自组装膜的存在明显抑制了二茂铁与[Fe(CN)6]3-/4-之间的电子转移.结果表明,基于巯基修饰的DNAzyme在金电极表面能够发生自组装作用,在金电极表面形成较为稳固的自组装DNAzyme膜.     

新型量子点修饰金电极的制备及其在检测多巴胺中的应用

用3-巯基丙酸(MPA)包覆的碲化镉量子点(CdTe QDs)在金电极上进行自组装,制备了CdTe QDs修饰金电极(CdTe QDs/Au E)。利用循环伏安法研究此修饰电极的电化学行为,以[Fe(CN)6]3-/4-为探针,考察了CdTe QDs自组装膜修饰金电极的电化学性质。而且研究了多巴胺(DA)在此电极上的电化学行为,结果表明:DA在此修饰电极上可被电催化氧化。差分脉冲伏安(DPV)氧化峰电流与DA浓度在1.00×10-9～6.40×10-5mol/L范围内呈线性关系,检出限为3.30×10-10mol/L.     

噻吩羧酸在金表面的自组装膜及其电化学性质

研究了具有平面环状共轭体系的硫杂环化合物噻吩羧酸在金表面的自组装单分子膜及其修饰金电极的电化学行为．以Fe(CN)6^4-/3-为“探针”离子，用循环伏安法对自组装膜的形成、电极界面电容及其组装机理进行了研究．结果是噻吩羧酸在Au上的覆盖度约为95％，金电极的界面微分充电电容由修饰前的0．294μF／cm^2下降到0．167μF／cm^2，由此可见噻吩羧酸在金表面形成了致密的单分子膜．     

巯基丙酸在金电极上的自组装及天花粉蛋白在它上面的电化学

巯基丙酸在金盘电极表面采用不同的时间进行自组装，可以观察到循环伏安曲线中峰电流(ip)的改变。通过石英晶体金电极在组装巯基丙酸前后频率改变趋势的不同来讨论自组装的结果并观察巯基丙酸在一定电位下的脱落。利用巯基丙酸与天花粉蛋白之间正负电荷的静电吸引作用，在巯基丙酸达到饱和吸附后的金电极表面组装上天花粉蛋白，利用循环伏安法表征其在自组装电极上的电化学性质。     

超氧化物歧化酶模型化合物在金电极上的分子自组装

采用3-巯基丙酸在金电极上自组装得到自组装单分子层(SAM),再利用DCC作酰胺键偶合剂,将超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)模型化合物Fe(IDB)Cl3(简称Fe-MSOD,IDB为N,N-二(2′-苯并咪唑甲基)亚胺)共价键合到自组装在金电极表面的3-巯基丙酸单分子层上,构筑了一种超氧化物歧化酶模型化合物分子组装体系膜修饰电极(Fe-MSOD/3-MPA/Au).采用电化学循环伏安法、交流阻抗法对该修饰电极进行了表征.初步探讨了此修饰电极的电化学氧化还原性质.     

SAM修饰金电极的电化学和光电化学研究

综述了自组装单分子膜（ＳＡＭ）修饰金电的修饰方法及其在电催化、光电化学领域的研究进展等内容，探讨了ＳＡＭ修饰金电极的应用前景和该方法进一步的发展方向。     

燕麦多肽数据库及降血糖活性的虚拟筛选

为了深入研究燕麦多肽中可能发挥降血糖功能的活性多肽分子，本文首先从文献中调研了从燕麦中提取鉴定得到的多肽，构建了对应的燕麦多肽数据库，并基于DPP4蛋白对多肽数据库进行了虚拟筛选.随后，针对筛选获得的6个多肽分别进行了100 ns的分子动力学模拟.从模拟之后稳定结合的构象分析了不同多肽分子与DPP4的相互作用信息，并分别计算了不同多肽分子与DPP4的结合自由能.结果表明，从燕麦多肽数据库中筛选得到的多肽可以与DPP4蛋白稳定结合，其中2个多肽分子与DPP4的亲和力相对较强.本文得到的多肽分子可以作为后续DPP4抑制剂设计和改造的先导分子，燕麦多肽数据库也可用于研究燕麦的其他生物学功能.     

电子传输过程对硫醇自组装单层膜结构的影响

应用交流阻抗技术及循环伏安技术研究了十八硫醇修饰的金电极在Fe(CN)63-/4-溶液中的电化学行为,提出电化学氧化还原过程中的电子传输可以诱导十八烷基硫醇自组装单分子层膜结构的一定重组,使其变得更加均一有序.     

On the complexity of self.

Self peptides bound to self major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules have been implicated both in positive and in negative selection of T cells during intrathymic development. We report here that the novel MHC-restricted monoclonal antibody Y-Ae detects the MHC class II bound form of a major self peptide. Y-Ae binds approximately 12% of the relevant MHC class II molecules on self antigen presenting cells. The peptide detected by Y-Ae is one of several major peptides eluted from the MHC molecule. These data suggest that self peptides presented by self MHC class II molecules at densities sufficient to signal a CD4 T cell are of very limited complexity. Furthermore, as Y-Ae stains antigen presenting cells that mediate negative selection but not thymic cortical epithelial cells that drive positive selection, differential expression of self peptide:self MHC class II complexes may be a key feature of intrathymic selection.     

Cellular peptide composition governed by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules present peptides derived from cellular proteins to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which check these peptides for abnormal features. How such peptides arise in the cell is not known. Here we show that the MHC molecules themselves are substantially involved in determining which peptides occur intracellularly: normal mouse spleen cells identical at all genes but MHC class I express different patterns of peptides derived from cellular non-MHC proteins. We suggest several models to explain this influence of MHC class I molecules on cellular peptide composition.     

Anti-HLA-A2 antibody-enhancement of peptide association with HLA-A2 as detected by cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Most cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) not only recognize epitopes of viral or other foreign proteins in association with class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, but also recognize target cells sensitized with short synthetic peptides representing the epitopes. There is increasing evidence that these synthetic peptides associate with the class I molecule both at the cell surface and intracellularly. We have now investigated the effect of a monoclonal antibody specific for HLA-A2 and HLA-B17 (B57/58) molecules (antibody MA2.1)3 on the sensitization of target cells with peptide for lysis by HLA-A2-restricted CTL. Previously, anti-HLA class I monoclonal antibodies have been shown to inhibit the recognition of target cells, infected with influenza A virus, by virus-specific CTL. We find, however, that target cells treated with MA2.1 antibody can be sensitized with peptide for CTL lysis much more rapidly than untreated cells, or at greater than 100-fold lower peptide concentration than that required for sensitization of untreated cells. This implies that the antibody, which is believed to bind to one side of the peptide-binding groove, directly affects the binding of peptide to the HLA-A2 molecule at the cell surface.     

Binding of labelled influenza matrix peptide to HLA DR in living B lymphoid cells

T cells recognize protein antigens as fragments (peptides) held in a defined binding site of class I or class II major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules. The formation of complexes between various immunologically active peptides and different MHC molecules has been demonstrated directly in binding studies between the peptides and solubilized, purified molecules of class II MHC. Studies with intact cells, living or fixed, have not directly demonstrated the binding of the peptides to MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells, but the formation of such complexes has been shown indirectly through the capacity of antigen-presenting cells to stimulate specific T cells. Here we report evidence that supports directly the binding of radiolabelled influenza matrix peptide 17-29 to products of the human class II MHC locus HLA-DR, on living homozygous B-cell lines, and we show that the kinetics of such binding is much faster with living cells than with fixed cells. Furthermore, whereas the peptide reacts with HLA-DR molecules of all alleles, it binds preferentially to DR1, the restricting element in antigen presentation.     

Invariant chain association with HLA-DR molecules inhibits immunogenic peptide binding

Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are heterodimeric cell surface glycoproteins which bind and present immunogenic peptides to T lymphocytes. Such peptides are normally derived from protein antigens internalized and proteolytically degraded by the antigen-presenting cell. Class I MHC molecules also bind immunogenic peptides, but these are derived from proteins synthesized within the target cell. Whereas class I molecules seem to bind peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum, class II molecules are thought to bind peptides late in transport. Intracellular class II molecules associate in the endoplasmic reticulum with a third glycoprotein, the invariant (I) chain, which is proteolytically removed before cell surface expression of the alpha beta class II heterodimer. It has been suggested that the I chain prevents peptides from associating with class II molecules early in transport. Preventing such binding until the class II molecules enter an endosomal compartment could maintain the functional dichotomy between class I and class II MHC molecules. We have examined the ability of I chain-associated HLA-DR5 molecules to bind a well characterized influenza haemagglutinin-derived peptide (HAp). The results show that whereas mature HLA-DR alpha beta dimers effectively bind this peptide, the I chain-associated form does not.     

Invariant chain distinguishes between the exogenous and endogenous antigen presentation pathways

Class I MHC molecules acquire peptides from endogenously synthesized proteins, whereas class II antigens present peptides derived from extracellular compartment molecules. This dichotomy is due to the fact that the invariant chain associates with class II molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum, preventing binding of endogenous peptides. The mutually exclusive binding of peptide and invariant chain to class II molecules suggests that the invariant chain might play a part in autoimmune disease.     

Quantitation of antigen-presenting cell MHC class II/peptide complexes necessary for T-cell stimulation

The number of specific complexes formed between peptide and the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules expressed by an antigen-presenting cell (APC) after exposure to protein antigens is unknown, as is the number that activates T cells. Presentation of foreign peptides by APC takes place when many class II molecules may be occupied by autologous peptides. We have now estimated the number of specific peptide/class II complexes per APC by quantitative immunoprecipitation of I-Ak after pulsing the APC with stimulatory levels of a radioactive immunogenic peptide derived from hen egg-white lysozyme protein. T cells were activated by APC that expressed as few as 210-340 specific peptide/class II complexes (0.1% of the I-Ak molecules). These figures were confirmed using anti-CD3 antibody bound to latex beads as an alternative activating ligand. This low number explains the simultaneous presentation of multiple foreign antigens, even in the face of peptide competition.     

Empty MHC class I molecules come out in the cold

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules present antigen by transporting peptides from intracellularly degraded proteins to the cell surface for scrutiny by cytotoxic T cells. Recent work suggests that peptide binding may be required for efficient assembly and intracellular transport of MHC class I molecules, but it is not clear whether class I molecules can ever assemble in the absence of peptide. We report here that culture of the murine lymphoma mutant cell line RMA-S at reduced temperature (19-33 degrees C) promotes assembly, and results in a high level of cell surface expression of H-2/beta 2-microglobulin complexes that do not present endogenous antigens, and are labile at 37 degrees C. They can be stabilized at 37 degrees C by exposure to specific peptides known to interact with H-2Kb or Db. Our findings suggest that, in the absence of peptides, class I molecules can assemble but are unstable at body temperature. The induction of such molecules at reduced temperature opens new ways to analyse the nature of MHC class I peptide interactions at the cell surface.