咪唑类离子液体的微波水浴合成及性能研究

以N-甲基咪唑、氯代正丁烷、KPF6及NaBF4等为原料,分别在微波和水浴2种加热条件下利用二步法合成出2种咪唑类离子液体[BMIM]PF6和[BMIM]BF4。比较了2种方法在中间体合成及阴离子置换中的优势和劣势,并利用IR,TGA和LSV等方法表征了所得离子液体的结构特征及电化学性能。结果表明,2种方法所合成的离子液体在物化性质上无明显差异。微波法在合成中间体时可显著缩短反应时间,产率可达90%以上;水浴加热法则更有利于阴离子置换。故采用微波法与水浴加热法相结合的方式合成离子液体可收到良好的效果。     

烷基咪唑类离子液体的合成及其性质

以N甲基咪唑和溴代烷烃为原料,通过微波法合成了6种离子液体1烷基3甲基咪唑类溴盐:1正丙基3甲基咪唑溴盐([nPmim]Br)、1异丙基3甲基咪唑溴盐([iPmim]Br)、1正丁基3甲基咪唑溴盐[nBmim]Br)、1仲丁基3甲基咪唑溴盐([sB mim]Br)、1正戊基3甲基咪唑溴盐([nAmim]Br)、1正己基3甲基咪唑溴盐([nHmim]Br).然后以 [nBmim]Br为中间体,经过阴离子交换得到1正丁基3甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([nBmim]BF4).在25℃时测定了7种离子液体的密度,结果表明:含有相同阴离子的离子液体密度随着阳离子烷基链长度的增加而减小;含有相同阳离子的离子液体,阴离子体积越大,密度越高.通过循环伏安法测定了[nBmim]Br和[nBmim]BF4的电化学窗口,分别为2.0V和3.4V.[nBmim]BF4的DSC曲线表明,其只有玻璃化温度(-95℃),而没有结晶温度和熔点.     

微波及超声波辅助合成溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑

用溴代正丁烷与N-甲基咪唑,在微波辐射和超声波协同作用下合成离子液体溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑,通过正交试验设计方法考察实验条件最高温度,合成反应时间,微波功率和超声波功率对合成产率的影响,优选得到最佳的合成所需要的实验条件:超声波功率100 W、微波功率400W、反应时间60min和最高温度60℃.溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑的结构通过红外光谱进行表征.在超声波和微波的协调作用下,此反应具有合成反应所需时间短,合成产物产率高,实验操作过程简便等优点.     

烷基咪唑类离子液体的合成与表征

采用绿色化学合成法,以N-丁基咪唑和1,2-二甲基咪唑为反应原料,碳酸酯为烷基化试剂,合成了2种离子液体的中间体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑碳酸甲酯盐([n-BMIM]OCO2Me)和1,2-二甲基-3-乙基咪唑碳酸乙酯盐([EMMIM]OCO2Et),然后通过与HBF4及HPF6的反应,得到4种离子液体:1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([n-BMIM]BF4)、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([n-BMIM]PF6)、1,2-二甲基-3-乙基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([EMMIM]BF4)和1,2-二甲基-3-乙基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([EMMIM]PF6).产物结构经FT-IR, 1H-NMR和质谱分析确认.最后通过差示扫描量热分析（DSC）测定6种离子液体的结晶温度或熔点.     

离子液体中微波辅助2-(1-咪唑基)乙酸酯的合成

以离子液体[bmim]BF4为溶剂,以咪唑和氯乙酸酯为原料微波辅助合成了6种2-(1-咪唑基)乙酸酯类物质.该方法具有反应时间短、收率高、普适性好等特点.产物经1H NMR、13C NMR进行了表征.     

烷基咪唑卤化物微波辅助合成研究

以N-甲基咪唑为原料,采用无溶剂微波辐射方法合成两种烷基咪唑卤化物离子液体,探讨反应时间、原料配比及微波功率对反应产率的影响。结果表明,不同卤代烷的反应活性不同,所需要的微波功率和反应时间有明显差异,微波功率为200 W,微波辐射反应时间5 min,合成1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴化物产率达到94.6%。微波功率为300 W,微波辐射反应时间20 min,合成1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯化物产率为82.1%。     

溴化1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑的微波辅助合成及工业化方案研究

以溴代正丁烷与N-甲基咪唑为原料,利用微波辅助合成了咪唑类离子液体溴化1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑([BMIm]Br),并用红外光谱对[BMIm]Br进行了结构表征.运用单因素实验研究了反应条件对合成过程的影响,并从工业应用角度得出了微波辅助合成[BMIm]Br的最优化条件:物料比(物质的量比)为1∶1.3、时间为5min、功率为500W、温度为100℃.产率高达97.2%.通过模拟工业实验验证了间歇法和连续法两种工艺的可行性.     

离子液体[Bmim]Br和[Bmim]PF_6的合成及其物化性质研究

采用超声波辅助法合成离子液体1–丁基–3–甲基咪唑溴盐([Bmim]Br)和1–丁基–3–甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([Bmim]PF6),研究了超声处理时间、超声频率和原料物质的量比对[Bmim]Br产率的影响,以及超声处理时间、超声频率和溶剂与[Bmim]Br的质量比对[Bmim]PF6产率的影响.结果表明:超声处理时间、超声频率、原料溴代正丁烷与N–甲基咪唑物质的量比分别为50,min、20,Hz、1.1时,[Bmim]Br产率可达到98.88%;在超声处理时间、超声频率、溶剂与[Bmim]Br的质量比分别为50,min、20,Hz和1.5时,[Bmim]PF6产率可达到86.54%.采用红外光谱、紫外吸收光谱和核磁共振氢谱对[Bmim]Br进行结构表征,同时采用对比法,利用红外光谱、紫外吸收光谱对[Bmim]PF6进行表征,并分别测定了[Bmim]Br和[Bmim]PF6的含水量及其在10~30,℃下的密度和折光率与温度的关系.     

离子液体[Bmim]Cl的微波合成及影响因素

以1-甲基咪唑及氯代正丁烷为原料,采用无溶剂微波合成的方法,合成离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯代盐([Bmim]Cl),并对最优合成条件进行了探究。结果表明,在微波功率550 W,反应时间50 min,反应温度100℃,1-甲基咪唑与氯代正丁烷摩尔比1∶1.1的条件下,离子液体的产率高达85.22%。与传统的有机合成方法相比,本研究反应条件易于实现,无需惰性气体保护,大幅度缩短了反应时间,对用微波技术制备其它咪唑类离子液体具有一定的指导意义。     

[bmim]BF4离子液体的制备及其催化酯化反应研究

本文采用一步环合法合成了N-甲基咪唑,再由N-甲基咪唑和溴代正丁烷合成了中间体溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑,中间体再经过离子交换得到1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐（[bmim]BF4）离子液体．在该离子液体介质中,氯苄和乙酸钠反应高效合成了乙酸苄酯．结果表明：以[bmim]BF4为溶剂和催化剂乙酸钠与苄氯的摩尔比为1．4：1,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为2．5h,氯苄转化率可达95％．而且产物易于分离,离子液体可重复使用．中间体和产物结构经Fr—IR表征．     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.