Electrochemical performance of MCMB/(AC+LiFePO4) lithium-ion capacitors

Lithium-ion capacitors(LICs) were fabricated using mesocarbon microbeads(MCMB) as a negative electrode and a mixture of activated carbon(AC) and LiFePO4 as a positive electrode(abbreviated as LAC).The phase structure and morphology of LAC samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM).The electrochemical performance of the LICs was studied using cyclic voltammetry,charge-discharge rate measurements,and cycle performance testing.A LIC with 30 wt% LiFePO4 was found to have the best electrochemical performance with a specific energy density of 69.02 W h kg-1 remaining at 4 C rate after 100 cycles.Compared with an AC-only positive electrode system,the ratio of practical capacity to theoretical calculated capacity of the LICs was enhanced from 42.22% to 56.59%.It was proved that adding LiFePO4 to AC electrodes not only increased the capacity of the positive electrode,but also improved the electrochemical performances of the whole LICs via Li+ pre-doping.     

Effect of modified elastomeric binders on the electrochemical properties of silicon anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Silicon has been investigated intensively as a promising anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. The choice of a binder is very important to solve the problem of the large capacity fade observed along cycling. The effect of modified elastomeric binders on the electrochemical performance of crystalline nano-silicon powders was studied. Compared with the conventional binder (polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)), Si electrodes using the elastomeric styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) combined binder show an improved cycling performance. The reversible capacity of the Si electrode with the SCMC/SBR binder is as high as 2221 mA·h/g for 30 cycles in a voltage window between 0.005 and 2 V. The structure changes from SEM images of the silicon electrodes with different binders were used to explore the property improvement.     

Preparation and electrochemical property of CMC/MWCNT composite using ionic liquid as solvent

Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium(CMC)/multi-walled carbon nanotube(MWCNT) composite was prepared by dissolving CMC with ionic liquid as solvent.The microstructure and electrochemical properties of CMC/MWCNTs were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD) system and electrochemical workstation.The experimental results indicated that the CMC dissolved with ionic liquid could be uniformly enwrapped on the surface of MWCNTs,and the coating thickness of CMC was about 5.4 nm.There are obvious oxidation peaks in the cyclic voltammograms curves of glassy carbon electrode coated with a CMC/MWCNT composite in H2O2 phosphate buffer solution.The MWCNT content and ultrasonic time strongly affected the dispersivity and electrochemical property of CMC/MWCNT composite.While the MWCNT content and ultrasonic processing time was 2 wt% and 2 h respectively,CMC/MWCNT composite exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity.     

Mechanism of intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions in graphene nanosheets

Graphene nanosheets (GNSs) were synthesized by reducing exfoliated graphite oxides. Their structure, surface morphology and lithium storage mechanism were characterized and investigated systematically using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, charge-discharge tests, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It was found that the GNSs, which were obtained via chemical synthesis, were primarily less than 10 graphene layers. The GNS electrodes, which were fabricated from the reduced GNSs, exhibited an enhanced reversible lithium storage capacity and good cyclic stability when serving as anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Also, the first-cycle irreversible capacities of the system were relatively high, because of the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase film on the surface of the GNS electrode and the spontaneous stacking of GNSs during the first lithiation. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results suggest that the solid electrolyte interphase film on the GNS electrode during first lithiation were primarily formed at potentials between 0.95 and 0.7 V. Also, the symmetry factor of the charge transfer was measured to be 0.446.     

Electrochemical characterization of MnO2 as the cathode material for a high voltage hybrid capacitor

Manganese dioxide (MnO₂) was prepared using the ultrasonic method. Its electrochemical performance was evaluated as the cathode material for a high voltage hybrid capacitor. And the specific capacitance of the MnO₂ electrode reached 240 F·g-1. The new hybrid capacitor was constructed, combining A1/Al₂O₃ as the anode and MnO₂ as the cathode with electrolyte for the aluminum electrolytic capacitor to solve the problem of low working voltage of a supercapacitor unit. The results showed that the hybrid capacitor had a high energy density and the ability of quick charging and discharging according to the electrochemical performance test. The capacitance was 84.4 μF, and the volume and mass energy densities were greatly improved compared to those of the traditional aluminum electrolytic capacitor of 47 μF. The analysis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that the hybrid capacitor had good impedance characteristics.     

Effect of feeding ratios on the structure and electrochemical performance of graphite oxide/polypyrrole nanocomposites

Graphite oxide (GO)/polypyrrole (PPy) nanocomposites (GPYs) were synthesized using in situ polymerization.The effect of the feeding ratios of pyrrole and GO on the structure and electrochemical performances of GPYs was investigated.The structure was characterized via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.The electrochemical performance was characterized via cyclic voltammetry,galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.The results indicate that the more pyrrole is added to GO (with GO concentrations of 20% and 50%),the more agglomeration of both PPy and GO layers occurs.This is detrimental to the capacitance utilization of PPy.When the feeding ratio of GO:pyrrole is 80:20,PPys with nanofibrils are dispersed homogenously in/on the exfoliated layer of GO and the conductivity is enhanced.The capacitance utilization of PPy in a composite with a GO concentration of 80% (383 F/g) is higher than that of pure PPy (201 F/g),which indicates the presence of a synergistic effect between GO and PPy.     

Evolution of insoluble eutectic Si particles in anodic oxidation films during adipic-sulfuric acid anodizing processes of ZL114A aluminum alloys

The effects of insoluble eutectic Si particles on the growth of anodic oxide films on ZL114A aluminum alloy substrates were investigated by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The anodic oxidation was performed at 25℃ and a constant voltage of 15 V in a solution containing 50 g/L sulfuric acid and 10 g/L adipic acid. The thickness of the formed anodic oxidation film was approximately 7.13 μm. The interpore distance and the diameters of the major pores in the porous layer of the film were within the approximate ranges of 10-20 nm and 5-10 nm, respectively. Insoluble eutectic Si particles strongly influenced the morphology of the anodic oxidation films. The anodic oxidation films exhibited minimal defects and a uniform thickness on the ZL114A substrates; in contrast, when the front of the oxide oxidation films encountered eutectic Si particles, defects such as pits and non-uniform thickness were observed, and pits were observed in the films.     

Evolution of insoluble eutectic Si particles in anodic oxidation films during adipic–sulfuric acid anodizing processes of ZL114A aluminum alloys

The effects of insoluble eutectic Si particles on the growth of anodic oxide films on ZL114 A aluminum alloy substrates were investigated by optical microscopy(OM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The anodic oxidation was performed at 25°C and a constant voltage of 15 V in a solution containing 50 g/L sulfuric acid and 10 g/L adipic acid. The thickness of the formed anodic oxidation film was approximately 7.13 μm. The interpore distance and the diameters of the major pores in the porous layer of the film were within the approximate ranges of 10–20 nm and 5–10 nm, respectively. Insoluble eutectic Si particles strongly influenced the morphology of the anodic oxidation films. The anodic oxidation films exhibited minimal defects and a uniform thickness on the ZL114 A substrates; in contrast, when the front of the oxide oxidation films encountered eutectic Si particles, defects such as pits and non-uniform thickness were observed, and pits were observed in the films.     

Photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous benzene over nanosized TiO2 prepared by solvothermal method

Nanosized TiO2 particles were prepared by solvothermal method using tetrabutyl titanate as precursor,ethanol and water as solvents,and a facile immobilization method of nanosized TiO2 particles on woven glass fabric was developed. The samples obtained under various preparation conditions were charac-terized by means of thermo gravimetric analysis(TG) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) ,X-ray diffraction(XRD) ,transmission electron microscopy(TEM) ,high resolution-transmission electron mi-croscopy(HR-TEM) ,and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET) . The results show that the cube-shape of TiO2 prepared by solvothermal method has good crystallinity of(101) surface,higher thermal stability and large specific surface area. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images confirmed that the immobi-lized TiO2 film was uniformly distributed and clung to the substrate firmly. The photocatalytic activity of the catalysts was tested using photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous benzene. The results show that the TiO2 calcined after solvothermal treatment suffers from lower specific surface area,and hence de-creases its photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic activities of the TiO2 by solvothermal treatment with or without calcination in degradation 400 mg/m3 benzene are 3.7 and 4.1 times as high as catalyst without solvothermal treatment,respectively.     

Deposition behavior of multi-particle impact in cold spraying process

In the practical cold-spraying process, a number of particles impact onto a substrate and then form a coating. To study the deformation behavior and multi-particle interactions, single-particle, two-particle, and three-particle impacts were simulated using the AN-SYS/LS-DYNA version 970. A copper coating was prepared and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to analyze the microstructures of the powders and the coating. Numerical results reveal that the critical deposition velocity is 600 m/s for a copper particle/copper substrate. The particles deform more fully due to multi-particle interactions, such as tamping, interlocking, and extrusion effects. The compression ratio increases from 40% to 70% as a result of the tamping effect. This is beneficial for achieving the cold-sprayed coating. The multi-particle morphology and compression ratio in the experiment are consistent with those of simulation results. Based on these results, the coating of high performance can be prepared through selecting appropriate parameters and suitable pre-treatment processes.     

二氧化铅/石墨烯电极的制备及其电化学性能

采用沉淀结合法,制备二氧化铅/石墨烯(β-PbO₂/rGO)复合材料.通过X-射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、场发射电子扫描显微镜(FESEM)、高分辨率透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)和比表面积分析仪研究该复合材料的结构、形貌和比表面积,利用电化学测试技术研究β-PbO₂/rGO复合电极和纯β-PbO₂电极的电化学性能.结果表明:在复合材料中,纳米β-PbO₂较均匀地分散在rGO片表面,β-PbO₂/rGO复合材料比纯β-PbO₂具有更大的比表面积;复合电极因具有更多的反应活性位点,电化学反应速度较快;在不同的电流密度下,β-PbO₂/rGO电极的质量比容量比纯β-PbO₂电极高,证明复合电极具有比纯β-PbO₂电极更好的电化学性能.     

不同载硅量对Li2FeSiO4/C材料电性能的影响

以多壁纳米碳管和Si(OC2H5)4为原料,采用液相法合成包覆了SiO2的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs@SiO2),通过调节Si(OC2H5)4的加入量,制备出不同载硅量的前驱体MWCNTs@SiO2,并以此种前驱物合成硅酸铁锂Li2FeSiO4/C材料.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、恒流充放电对Li2FeSiO4/C材料进行了表征及电化学性能测试,实验结果表明载硅量为35.72%的MWCNTs@SiO2前驱体合成的Li2FeSiO4/C材料颗粒大小一致,在0.1C电流密度下循环50圈后获得180 mAh·g－1的稳定放电比容量,具有优良的电化学性能.     

高容量钠离子电池SnSbCo/rGO负极材料

采用共沉淀法、液氮冷淬工艺和热处理技术制备了高容量钠离子电池SnSbCo/rGO负极复合材料。通过XRD、SEM、TEM、恒流充放电和交流阻抗等测试分析技术对该负极材料进行表征和电化学性能测试。结果表明,在100 mA/g的电流密度下,经50次充放电循环后电极的可逆容量保持在567 mAh/g。同等条件下,纯SnSbCo的电极比容量为456mAh/g。SnSbCo/rGO负极复合材料的电化学性能的改善主要是由于rGO在提高复合材料导电性的同时,缓冲了SnSbCo合金颗粒由于团聚产生的体积膨胀效应。     

锂离子电池正极材料LiFe(MoO_4)_2的制备及其电化学性质

采用固相法合成纯相的LiFe(MoO4)2材料.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和超导量子干涉仪(SQUID)对其晶体结构及其磁学性质进行研究,并采用恒流充放电测试研究该材料在3.0~1.0V内的电化学性质.电化学测试表明,LiFe(MoO4)2作为正极材料具有良好的循环性能,稳定比容量为200mA·h/g,充放电效率为98.5%.     

基于碳量子点的电化学传感器检测多巴胺

以蜡烛灰为原料,利用经济和绿色的合成方法制备出碳量子点纳米材料,并通过扫描电子显微镜来进行表征.利用碳量子点修饰碳玻电极制备电化学传感器,并通过循环伏安法和微分脉冲伏安法对传感器的电化学行为进行考察.结果表明,该传感器对多巴胺检测的线性检测范围为0.1~100μmol/L,检出限为0.02μmol/L(S/N=3).     

电沉积制备Ni_3S_2/Ni锂离子电池复合负极材料

以NH4SCN为硫源,在水溶液中电沉积制备Ni3S2/Ni复合材料.利用EDS、SEM、XRD分别对该复合材料进行组分、形貌、晶体结构的表征与分析,并将所制备的复合材料与Li片组成电池,研究其电化学性能.结果表明NH4SCN的浓度对复合材料的形貌及电性能有显著的影响.如在NH4SCN浓度为0.1 mol/L时,该复合物由亚微米颗粒组成,此时的电化学性能最好,首次放电比容量达到240.4 m Ah/g,容量保持率为89.35%.     

血红蛋白在银微粒修饰镍铬电极上的直接电化学行为研究

以镍铬合金为基体电极,采用电沉积技术制备了银微粒电极.用扫描电镜表征了基体电极电沉积前后的形貌特征.利用循环伏安技术研究了该银微粒电极对血红蛋白(Hb)的直接电化学行为.实验结果表明具有立体结构的银微粒对血红蛋白具有良好的电催化活性,实现了血红蛋白分子的直接电子转移.在1×10-6 mol·L-1~2×10-5 mol·L-1范围内,Hb氧化峰电流和Hb浓度有较好的线性关系.该银微粒电极制备简单,性能稳定,使用寿命相对较长,可有望用于蛋白质的分析测定和实现Hb在第三代生物传感器的开发和应用.     

贵金属和Cu掺杂的ZIF-67金属有机框架制备及其对过氧化氢的电化学检测

先制备以Cu部分取代Co的ZIF-67金属有机框架, 并在ZIF-67孔道内引入Pt纳米粒子, 再用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、 透射电子显微镜（TEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）对样品进行物相分析及电化学的传感测试. 结果表明： 贵金属和Cu掺杂共敏化的ZIF-67金属有机框架结晶性较好, 尺寸均匀； 制备的无酶电化学传感器对H₂O₂具有较好的检测效果, 如较高的灵敏度、 较宽的检测范围、 优异的选择性和较好的可重复性等.     

镁合金表面MoS2/树脂杂化涂层的制备及其摩擦磨损和电化学性能研究

以水作为分散介质,制备了含丙烯酸树脂和MoS2颗粒的分散液,以阳极氧化为前处理,采用电化学共沉积法在镁合金表面制备了MoS2/树脂杂化涂层;采用MR 060型多功能摩擦磨损试验机考察涂层的摩擦磨损性能,并分析其磨损机制;采用PARSTAT2273型电化学工作站测试涂层的电化学阻抗谱及极化曲线;利用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪分析涂层的表面形貌及结构.结果表明：所制备的涂层厚度高达50 μm,在质量分数为3.5%的NaCl溶液中表现出优异的耐腐蚀性能;MoS2的加入,能够有效降低涂层的摩擦系数,提高其耐磨性.