Influence of annealing temperature on structure and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 thin films prepared by DC reactive magnetron sputtering method

Transparent TiO₂ thin films were successfully prepared on high purity silica substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering method and annealed at different temperatures. The effects of the annealing temperature （300-600 ℃） on crystalline structure, morphology, and photocatalytic activity of the TiO₂ thin films were discussed. The photocatalytic activity of the films was evaluated by photodegradation of methylene blue solution. With increasing annealing temperature, the photocatalytic activity of the TiO₂ thin films gradually increased because of the improvement of crystallization of anatase TiO₂ thin films. At 500 ℃, the TiO₂ thin film shows the highest photocatalytic activity due to the improvement of crystallization of anatase TiO₂ thin films. When the annealing temperature increases to 600 ℃, the photocatalytic activity of thin film decreases owing to the formation of rutile phase and the decrease of surface area.     

Effect of Fe2O3 on the size and components of spinel crystals in the CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3-Cr2O3 system

size of spinel crystals in the CaO-SiO₂-MgO-Al₂O₃-Cr₂O₃ system was investigated using lab experiments carried out in a carbon tube furnace. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the microstructure, components, and the mineral phases of synthetic slags. FactSage 7.1 was used to calculate the crystallization process of the molten slag. The results showed that the addition of Fe₂O₃ promoted the precipitation of spinel crystals and inhibited the formation of dicalcium silicate. The size of spinel crystals increased from 2.74 to 8.10 μm and the contents of chromium and iron in the spinel varied as the Fe₂O₃ addition was increased from 0 to 20wt%. Fe₂O₃ thermodynamically provided the spinel-forming components to enhance the formation of FeCr₂O₄, MgFe₂O₄, and Fe₃O₄. The addition of Fe₂O₃ increased the fraction of liquid phase in a certain temperature range and promoted diffusion by decreasing the slag's viscosity. Therefore, Fe₂O₃ is beneficial to the growth of spinel crystals in stainless steel slag.     

TiO2/Polyester Non-woven Fabrics as a Kind of Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Formaldehyde Gas

The feasibility of photocatalytic degradation of the formaldehyde gas by titanium dioxide （TiO2）/polyester non-woven fabrics was studied. Tbe effects of parameters such as tbe concentration of TiO2 solution, pH value, and drying temperature on the photocatalytic degradation of the formaldehyde gas were also studied. The results showed that the photodegradation efficiency of the formaldehyde gas increased rapidly with the increasing of the concentration of TiO2 solution up to 15g/L, but when the concentration was in excess of 15g/L, the photodegradation efficiency decreased gradually and fluctuated due to light obstruction and disperse state of TiO2. Adjusting the pH value in the solution, the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation of the formaldehyde gas could be improved. The mechanisms of the reaction and the role of the additives were also investigated. After 42hours, TiO2/ polyester non-woven fabric showed no significant loss of the photocatalytic activity.     

Photocatalytic activity of ferric oxide/titanium dioxide nanocomposite films on stainless steel fabricated by anodization and ion implantation

A simple surface treatment was used to develop photocatalytic activity for stainless steel. AISI 304 stainless steel specimens after anodization were implanted by Ti ions at an extracting voltage of 50 kV with an implantation dose of 3 × 1015 atoms·cm?2 and then annealed in air at 450℃ for 2 h. The morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The microstructure was characterized by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue solution was carried out under ultraviolet light. The corrosion resistance of the stainless steel was evaluated in NaCl solution (3.5 wt%) by electrochemical polarization curves. It is found that the Ti ions depth profile resembles a Gaussian distribution in the implanted layer. The nanostructured Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ composite film exhibits a remarkable enhancement in photocatalytic activity referenced to the mechanically polished specimen and anodized specimen. Meanwhile, the annealed Ti-implanted specimen remains good corrosion resistance.     

Ferrites boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over graphitic carbon nitride: a case study of (Co,Ni)Fe2O4 modification

The charge carrier separation and surface catalytic redox reactions are of primary importance as elementary steps in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. In this study, both of these two processes in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over graphitic carbon nitride（g-C₃N₄） were greatly promoted with the earth-abundant ferrites（Co,Ni）Fe₂O₄modification. Co Fe₂O₄ was further demonstrated to be a better modifier for g-C₃N₄ as compared to Ni Fe₂O₄,due to the more efficient charge carrier transfer as well as superior surface oxidative catalytic activity. When together loading Co Fe₂O₄ and reductive hydrogen production electrocatalyst Pt onto g-C₃N₄, the obtained Pt/g-C₃N₄/Co Fe₂O₄ photocatalyst achieved visible-light（λ>420 nm） hydrogen production rate 3.5 times as high as Pt/g-C₃N₄, with the apparent quantum yield reaching 3.35 % at 420 nm.     

H2O2溶液对钛种植体表面的处理

The surface treatment is important for titanium and its alloys as promising candidates for dental implantation due to their bioinert surface. Titanium surface samples were modified using H₂O₂ solution at different times up to 72 h to boost their bioactivity. According to the results of the field emission scanning electron microscopy test, some nanostructures are formed on the surface of treated titanium samples and increased in size by increasing the time of treatment up to 24 h. After 24 h of application, the sharpness of nanostructures decreased and the micro-cracks and discontinuity in the coating surface increased. The results of the X-ray diffraction study and Raman spectroscopy revealed that anatase (TiO₂) was formed on the surface of treated titanium samples. The peak intensity of Raman spectroscopy increased with an improvement in treatment time of up to 24 h and then decreased due to the discontinuity of the coating. Full wettability and ability to form apatite were reached at 6 h of treatment. It is clear that the treatment time has a significant effect on the surface treatment of titanium using the H₂O₂ solution.     

Mechanochemical leaching of chalcopyrite concentrate by sulfuric acid

This study aimed to introduce a new cost-effective methodology for increasing the leaching efficiency of chalcopyrite concentrates at ambient temperature and pressure. Mechanical activation was employed during the leaching (mechanochemical leaching) of chalcopyrite concentrates in a sulfuric acid medium at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. High energy ball milling process was used during the leaching to provide the mechanochemical leaching condition, and atomic absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to determine the leaching behavior of chalcopyrite. Moreover, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the chalcopyrite powder before and after leaching. The results demonstrated that mechanochemical leaching was effective; the extraction of copper increased significantly and continuously. Although the leaching efficiency of chalcopyrite was very low at ambient temperature, the percentages of copper dissolved in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and ferric sulfate (Fe₂(SO₄)₃) after 20 h of mechanochemical leaching reached 28% and 33%, respectively. Given the efficiency of the developed method and the facts that it does not require the use of an autoclave and can be conducted at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, it represents an economical and easy-to-use method for the leaching industry.     

SDBS辅助制备的花状ZnO微结构的生长机理及光催化性能评价

Flower-like ZnO microstructures were successfully produced using a hydrothermal method employing ZnSO₄/(NH₄)₂SO₄ as a raw material. The effect of the operating parameters of the hydrothermal temperature, OH?/Zn2+ molar ratio, time, and amount of dispersant on the phase structure and micromorphology of the ZnO particles were investigated. The synthesis conditions of the flower-like ZnO microstructures were: hydrothermal temperature of 160°C, OH?/Zn2+ molar ratio of 5:1, reaction time of 4 h, and 4 mL of dispersant. The flower-like ZnO microstructures were comprised of hexagon-shaped ZnO rods arranged in a radiatively. Degradation experiments of Rhodamine B with the flower-like ZnO microstructures demonstrated a degradation efficiency of 97.6% after 4 h of exposure to sunshine, indicating excellent photocatalytic capacity. The growth mechanism of the flower-like ZnO microstructures was presented.     

18wt%Cr–8wt%Ni不锈钢中增塑性MnO–Al2O3–SiO2基非金属夹杂物的演变及其浸泡性能

The properties of MnO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂-based plasticized inclusion are likely to change during soaking  process due to its low melting point. In this study, the evolution of the MnO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂-based inclusion of 18wt%Cr?8wt%Ni stainless steel under isothermal soaking process at 1250°C for different times was investigated by laboratory-scale experiments and thermodynamic analysis. The results showed that the inclusion population density increased at the first stage and then decreased while their average size first decreased and then increased. In addition, almost no Cr₂O₃-concentrated regions existed within the inclusion before soaking, but more and more Cr₂O₃ precipitates were formed during soaking. Furthermore, the plasticity of the inclusion deteriorated due to a decrease in the amount of liquid phase and an increase in the high-melting-point-phase MnO–Cr₂O₃ spinel after the soaking process. In-situ observations by high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) confirmed that liquid phases were produced in the inclusions and the inclusions grew rather quickly during the soaking process. Both the experimental results and thermodynamic analysis conclude that there are three routes for inclusion evolution during the soaking process. In particular, Ostwald ripening plays an important role in the inclusion evolution, i.e., MnO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂-based inclusions grow by absorbing the newly precipitated smaller-size MnO–Cr₂O₃ inclusions.     

Antifungal activity of magnetically separable Fe3O4/ZnO/AgBr nanocomposites prepared by a facile microwave-assisted method

In the present work, magnetically separable Fe-₃O₄/ZnO/AgBr nanocomposites with different weight ratios of Fe₃O₄ to ZnO/AgBr were prepared by a facile microwave-assisted method. The resultant samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, energy dispersive analysis of X-rays（EDX）, and vibrating sample magnetometery（VSM）. Antifungal activity of the as-prepared samples was evaluated against Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium oxysporum as two phytopathogenic fungi. Among the nanocomposites, the sample with 1:8 weight ratio of Fe₃O₄ to ZnO/AgBr was selected as the best nanocomposite. This nanocomposite inactivates Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium oxysporum at 120 and 60 min, respectively. Moreover, it was observed that the microwave irradiation time has considerable influence on the antifungal activity and the sample prepared by irradiation for 10 min showed the best activity. Moreover, the nanocomposite without any thermal treatment displayed the superior activity.     

MoS2@ZnO异质结纳米材料的制备及光催化性能

本论文通过超声法制备了形貌均一的MoS2@ZnO异质结光催化材料. 采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、光致发光光谱（PL）、光电流密度测试等方法对样品的形貌和结构进行表征. 扫描电镜结果表明,MoS2@ZnO异质结复合材料是由直径约50～100 nm的ZnO纳米球包裹MoS2纳米片组成的. 光致发光光谱（PL）、光电流密度测试结果表明,MoS2(1.0%)@ZnO异质结能更有效地分离光生电子和空穴对,使得它们的复合机率降低,提高其光催化效率. 以初始质量浓度为15 mg/L的亚甲基蓝(MB)为模拟废水,研究纯ZnO纳米球和MoS2纳米片质量分数为0.5%、1.0%和2.0%的MoS2@ZnO异质结复合材料在250 W Xe灯下的光催化活性,研究结果表明 MoS2(1.0%)@ZnO 异质结材料对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解效率相比纯ZnO纳米球提高了15.2%. 并且经3次循环实验后,MoS2(1.0%)@ZnO异质结材料的光催化性基本不受影响,说明了MoS2(1.0%)@ZnO 异质结光催化材料的稳定性.     

H2O2增效Ag+掺杂ZnO纳米晶光催化体系降解亚甲基蓝

以水合碳酸锌为前驱体,利用激光复合加热蒸发技术,制得粒径分布均匀,平均粒径在30 nm左右的Ag 掺杂ZnO纳米晶半导体光催化剂.利用UV-Vis,TEM,AFM和XRD等进行了表征.对光催化体系降解亚甲基蓝(MB)的研究表明:悬浮Ag 掺杂ZnO纳米晶的悬浮水相体系中,Ag 的掺杂能有效地改善ZnO对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解性能.此外,H2O2能有效增强Ag 掺杂ZnO纳米晶对MB的降解效率,H2O2浓度为0.05 mol/L时可以使Ag 掺杂ZnO纳米晶的光催化效率提高近1倍.降解产物光谱分析表明:H2O2的存在优先使MB的苯环开环降解,并使其降解更彻底.     

Ti掺杂Bi2O3的光催化性能

采用溶胶—活性炭浸渍法制备了掺杂不同比例Ti的Bi2O3粉体光催化剂,并利用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、BET比表面积测试法(BET)、扫描电镜分析(SEM)、紫外—可见光漫反射谱(UV-Vis DRS)等技术对其进行了表征。表征结果显示,掺Ti的Bi2O3样品在紫外区有比纯Bi2O3更强的吸光性能。通过对甲基橙在紫外光(λmax=365 nm)下的降解实验评价光催化剂的光催化活性,考察不同钛掺杂量及不同焙烧温度对光催化性能的影响。结果表明,当光催化剂中钛掺杂摩尔百分含量为3%,焙烧温度为300℃,其光催化活性最好。当催化剂用量为2 g/L时,在120 min内,对浓度为20 mg/L的甲基橙溶液进行光催化降解,其降解率达96.4%。     

金属氧化物半导体对庚烷的气固复相光催化反应

制备 Ti O2 ,Fe2 O3 ,Zn O超细粉 ,采用 XRD对制得的超细粉进行结构、粒径表征 .考察不同粒径的超细粉和普通商品 (体相 ) Fe2 O3 ,Ti O2 ,Zn O对庚烷的光催化反应 .结果表明 ,光催化活性大小的顺序为 Ti O2 (锐态矿型 ) >Zn O>Fe2 O3 ,锐钛矿型 Ti O2 光催化活性较金红石型 Ti O2 好 ,对于同一结构的粒子来说 ,粒径越小 ,光催化活性越高     

Sm~(3+)掺杂氧化锌粉体的制备及光催化性能研究

采用水热法制备扇形的钐掺杂的氧化锌粉体,通过XRD衍射仪、TG-DSC同步热分析仪、扫描电镜对所得粉体进行表征。研究了Sm3+的掺杂量,煅烧温度对其光催化降解甲基橙性能的影响。实验表明:当Sm3+掺杂的物质的量比为5.0%,煅烧温度为500℃时对甲基橙的降解率最高,300W紫外灯照射2h,降解率从未掺杂ZnO的77.83%提高到掺杂后的98.75%。     

New pyrometallurgical process of EAF dust treatment with CaO addition

The non-carbothermic zinc pyrometallurgical processing of electric arc furnace (EAF) dust was investigated on a laboratory scale. The main objective of this process was to convert highly stable zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄), which accounts for more than half of total zinc in the EAF dust, into ZnO and Ca₂Fe₂O₅ by CaO addition. The EAF dust was mixed with CaO powder in various ratios, pressed into pellets, and heated in a muffle furnace in air at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1100℃ for a predetermined holding time. All ZnFe₂O₄ was transformed into ZnO and Ca₂Fe₂O₅ at a minimum temperature of 900℃ within 1 h when sufficient CaO to achieve a Ca/Fe molar ratio of 1.1 was added. However, at higher temperatures, excess CaO beyond the stoichiometric ratio was required because it was consumed by reactions leading to the formation of compounds other than ZnFe₂O₄. The evaporation of halides and heavy metals in the EAF dust was also studied. These components could be preferentially volatilized into the gas phase at 1100℃ when CaO was added.     

负载高岭土的ZnO的制备及其光催化性能研究

以Zn（NO3）2·6H2O、C2H2O4和高岭土为原料,采用直接沉淀法合成了负载高岭土的ZnO粉体,并对其进行了X射线粉末衍射（ XRD）表征。以亚甲基蓝为目标物,研究了催化剂的用量、高岭土的负载量、煅烧温度以及亚甲基蓝的初始浓度对其光催化性能的影响。结果表明,煅烧温度为300℃、高岭土负载量为30%的ZnO光催化活性最好,在催化剂加入量为0.5 g/L,800W氙灯光照60 min的条件下,可使初始浓度为10 mg/L的亚甲基蓝脱色率达98%以上。且重复使用5次后脱色率仍在80%以上,表明所制备的复合光催化剂具有较好的催化性能和稳定性。     

水热法制备Fe掺杂Ag/ZnO复合纳米材料及其光催化性能研究

以Zn （CH3 COO）2·2H2O、AgNO3、Fe（NO3）3·9H2O为原料,NaOH为沉淀剂,H2O为溶剂,C2H5 OH为还原剂,柠檬酸为表面活性剂,采用水热法制备出Fe掺杂Ag/ZnO复合纳米材料.采用XRD、SEM、TEM、SAED等测试手段对制备产物的物相结构、微观形貌等进行表征,以甲基橙为目标降解物研究了制备产物的光催化性能.结果表明,Ag以单质的形式存在于ZnO表面,Fe掺杂到ZnO晶格中.Fe掺杂Ag/ZnO复合纳米材料在模拟日光下具有较高的光催化性能,在800 W氙灯照射下降解甲基橙150 min,甲基橙的降解率可达到99.4％％,较Ag/ZnO提高了7.8％,较ZnO提高了38.2％.     

Preparation of nano-TiO2/diatomite-based porous ceramics and their photocatalytic kinetics for formaldehyde degradation

Diatomite-based porous ceramics were adopted as carriers to immobilize nano-TiO₂ via a hydrolysis-deposition technique. The thermal degradation of as-prepared composites was investigated using thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis, and the phase and microstructure were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicated that the carriers were encapsulated by nano-TiO₂ with a thickness of 300-450 nm. The main crystalline phase of TiO₂ calcined at 650℃ was anatase, and the average grain size was 8.3 nm. The FT-IR absorption bands at 955.38 cm-1 suggested that new chemical bonds among Ti, O, and Si had formed in the composites. The photocatalytic (PC) activity of the composites was investigated under UV irradiation. Furthermore, the photodegradation kinetics of formaldehyde was investigated using the composites as the cores of an air cleaner. A kinetics study showed that the reaction rate constants of the gas-phase PC reaction of formaldehyde were κ=0.576 mg·m-3·min-1 and K=0.048 m3.     

复合物的 制备及苋菜红降解性能的研究

本文利用超声分散和溶液沸腾法制备TiO2,CeO2/TiO2和Fe2O3/TiO2复合物,在可见光的照射下,考察了苋菜红降解的效果,并利用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对合成的光催化剂进行了表征. 另外,研究了TiO2,CeO2/TiO2和Fe2O3/TiO2复合物的用量、可见光照射时间、处理温度和处理时间等因素对苋菜红降解率的影响.结果表明,CeO2/TiO2复合物对降解染料表现出了更好的光催化活性.