如何写好粉笔字

粉笔比较特殊,自身既是笔杆,又是笔头,质地松软,性脆易折。本文根据粉笔的性能,从六个方面介绍了粉笔的用笔,并结合笔画阐述了运笔的技巧。     

土与结构接触面力学特性研究现状与展望

总结国内外土与结构接触面力学特性研究的现状,系统介绍接触面力学特性研究领域在试验模拟、本构模型以及计算方法方面的进展,分析不同试验仪器的特点,讨论现有接触面模型及计算方法的应用条件和存在的问题,指出:土与结构接触面复杂应力状态及高应力状态下特性研究、剪胀(剪缩)测试及颗粒破碎机理研究,特殊土与结构接触面的力学特性研究以及接触面动力特性研究等是今后研究的主要方向.     

一种改进的接触面外形优化设计方法

介绍一种改进的接触面外形优化设计方法．经大型结构实例计算表明,改进的方法具有设计变量少、方法简单、机器时间节省的优点     

一种接触面外形优化设计方法

本方法能使接触峰值应力达到极小．经大型复杂结构实例计算表明，它是一种实用的有效的优化设计方法．     

静电何来 为什么会发生静电？静电有什么用处？

你大概有过这样的体验吧：在干燥的冬天，用手去转金属门把手时，突然感到触电。讨厌的静电有时让你在脱衣服时，甚至在接过别人的东西时，也会受到电击。静电究竟是怎么发生的呢？[编者按]     

用于接触面模拟的非线性薄层单元

为了使结构与地基间接触面的模拟计算既易于工程实际应用又有较高精度,通过分析研究Ｇｏｏｄｍａｎ单元与Ｄｅｓａｉ提出的薄层单元,综合了二者的优点,在有厚度的Ｇｏｏｄｍａｎ单元模型基础上,借鉴Ｄｅｓａｉ构筑接触面单元的思想,在单元数值模型中,引入了控制嵌入的方法。在本构关系上,所用的模型同时考虑了接触面法向和切向的非线性特性,并提出了超余应力转换和嵌入调整混合迭代模式。依据上述接触面单元模型编制了有限元计算程序,利用此程序进行的算例分析,验证了模型的合理性和程序的计算精度。     

螺栓套接结构的等效弹性模量优化修正方法

针对螺栓套接结构的动力学建模问题,提出了采用接触面薄层单元模拟螺栓套接结构的连接刚度的方法,建立了结构的有限元模型,并通过试验数据对接触面薄层单元的等效弹性模量进行了优化修正,提高了模型精度.研究表明,对于单接头和多接头的螺栓套接组合结构的动力学模型修正,本文提出的接触面等效弹性模量优化修正方法均具有实用性和有效性.     

桩土接触面力学参数取值研究

采用点面接触模型，库仑摩擦变形原理，并在土－结构（钢、混凝土）剪切摩擦试验的基础上，对桩土接触面摩擦参数的取值问题进行了分析，得到一些结论，这些结论对于桩土接触面力学参数正确值有一定的参考价值。     

板式楔横轧接触面的解析分析

在对板式楔横轧轧制过程进行分析基础上，建立了板式楔横轧的几何数学模型，确定了板式楔横轧模具与轧件轧制接触面的及边界方程，最后利用计算机辅助绘图技术，将结果以图形显示方式形象输出。     

Adhesion of PBO Fiber in Epoxy Composites

The high mechanical and thermal performance of poly p-phenylene- 2, 6-benzobisoxazole ( PBO ) fiber provides great potential applications as reinforcement fibers for composites. A composite of PBO fiber and epoxy resin has excellent electrical insulation properties, therefore, it is considered to be the best choice for the reinforcement in high magnetic field coils for pulsed magnetic fields up to 100 T.However, poor adhesion between PBO fiber and matrix is found because of the chemically inactive and/or relatively smooth surface of the reinforcement fiber preventing efficient chemical bonding in the interface, which is a challenging issue to improve mechanical properties. Here, we report the surface modification of PBO fibers by ultraviolet (UV)irradiation, O2 and NH3 plasma, as well as acidic treatments. The interfacial adhesion strength values of all the treatments show the similar level as determined for aramid fibers by pull-out tests, a significant impact on fibermatrix-adhesion was not achieved. The surface free energy and roughness are increased for both sized and extracted fibers after plasma treatments together with maleic anhydride grafting. The sized fiber shows marginal improvement in adhesion strength and no change in fiber tensile strength because of the barrier effect of the finish.For the extracted fiber, different surface treatments either show no apparent effect or cause reduction in adhesion strength. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) topography analysis of the fracture surfaces proved adhesive failure at the fiber surface. The fiber surface roughness is increased and more surface flaws are induced, which could result in coarse interface structures when the treated fiber surface has no adequate wetting and functional groups. The adhesion failure is further confirmed by similar adhesion strength and compression shear strength values when the fiber was embedded in various epoxy resins with different temperature behavior. The tensile strength of fiber is sensitive to surface treatment conditions as revealed by a bimodal Weibull statistical distribution analysis. Considerable strength reduction occurred, particularly for cases of acidic and plasma treatments, while UV irradiation shows the better ability to retain fiber strength.     

p—GaP／Au—Sb／Au—Zn体系的接触界面

采用X光电子能谱(XPS)研究了Au-Zn/Au-Sb与p-GaP接触体系的界面结构及其组分随着A_r~ 溅射刻蚀深度的变化,实验结果表明,在一定的合金温度下由于GaP和Au-Zn/Au-Sb层之间金属-半导体互扩散生成Au-Ga反应层,GaSb化合物并含有Zn的原子,Zn内扩散使界面形成一个较高掺杂浓度的再生长层,可改善M-S欧姆接触性质,此外,界面上还有碳、氧杂质的沾污,有效地清除半导体表面氧化层对于制好欧姆电极是重要的。     

简谐P波透过摩擦接触界面的实验分析

工程结构中存在着大量的接触界面,接触界面只能承压不能承拉。含有接触界面的材料或结构受地震、冲击等动荷载作用时,可能引起界面的局部分离和滑移,从而导致问题的非线性。对简谐P波垂直入射接触界面问题进行了实验研究。观测分析透射波时域波形和频域曲线的变化,给出了透射波高阶频率幅值随外加荷载的变化规律,以期为无损探测材料接触型缺陷以及定量测定界面接触力提供参考。     

Hydrophobic mechanism and criterion of lotus-leaf-like micro-convex-concave surface

According to the principle that the contact angle of liquid droplet always increases on a limited liquid-solid interface,it is suggested that the integration of many small-size limited liquid-solid interfaces results in the increase of the hydrophobicity of lotus-leaf-like micro-convex-concave surfaces.Mathematical equations of the stability of liquid-droplets on the surface of lotus-leaf-like structure were established.The relationship between the theoretical critical-radius of the void of micro-convex-concave surface and the nature of the solid and the liquid was drawn.The three conditions of realizing hydrophobicity were described.The result of computation has shown that when the radius of the void of micro-concave-convex surface is less than the theoretical critical-radius r c,the droplets may always be in a stable state on the solid surface with the contact angle greater than 90°.Theminimum area of the liquid-solid interface and low surface energy of solids are important factors in realizing hydrophobicity.The effective work of adhesion W a ’ was proposed as a criterion for measuring the hydrophobic ability of the solid surface.     

一种结合面法向接触刚度计算模型的构建

摘要：
为了预测2个固体粗糙表面接触时结合面的法向接触刚度,采用分水岭分割方法获得了粗糙表面三维微凸体的尺寸与空间分布;基于弹塑性接触理论推导出单对微凸体侧接触时接触载荷与接触变形的关系,并通过确定粗糙表面上每个微凸体的变形类型与接触载荷,计算了结合面的法向接触刚度.将计算结果与实验结果进行比较,验证了该方法的有效性.
关键词：
粗糙表面; 形貌; 侧接触; 法向接触刚度
中图分类号： O 343.3
文献标志码： A     

考虑层间界面剪切损伤的复合式沥青路面力学特性

提出沥青路面层间界面剪切损伤本构关系方程、引入Goodman接触单元,模拟路面各分层之间的应力接触传递;基于ANSYS软件建立起考虑层间界面剪切损伤的沥青路面数值分析模型,对重载车辆制动荷载作用下典型复合式沥青路面结构的力学特性进行分析.研究表明,车辆轴重和层间粘结强度对层间界面损伤度、路面内水平剪应力及最大值位置、路面总沉降均有不同程度的影响;车辆超载1倍并制动时,层间界面损伤度最大值增加约50%,路面水平剪应力和沉降最大值翻1倍多;层间粘结强度减弱50%时,标准轴重车辆制动荷载下层间界面剪切损伤度翻1.5倍多,路面内水平剪应力、沉降最大值增加20%~30%.     

三维地质界面建模关键算法研究

采用露头,钻孔以及地震等数据进行三维复杂地质界面建模,关键问题包括三维地质界面模型确定方法,地质界面接触关系处理方法。根据区块地质数据建立地质界面三角网格模型,处理地质界面之间复杂位置关系,为三维地质体建模提供约束面,清晰地描述并恢复地下构造。本文就三维复杂地质界面建模中的关键问题,提出基于几何拓扑关系的地质界面三角网格模型生成算法,地质界面空间位置判断算法。在算法中引入几何拓扑关系,降低算法实现的复杂性,增加算法实现效率。     

Reaching for high-hanging fruit in drug discovery at protein-protein interfaces

Targeting the interfaces between proteins has huge therapeutic potential, but discovering small-molecule drugs that disrupt protein-protein interactions is an enormous challenge. Several recent success stories, however, indicate that protein-protein interfaces might be more tractable than has been thought. These studies discovered small molecules that bind with drug-like potencies to 'hotspots' on the contact surfaces involved in protein-protein interactions. Remarkably, these small molecules bind deeper within the contact surface of the target protein, and bind with much higher efficiencies, than do the contact atoms of the natural protein partner. Some of these small molecules are now making their way through clinical trials, so this high-hanging fruit might not be far out of reach.     

原子在界面附近自发辐射率的闭合轨道理论计算

利用闭合轨道理论,对原子在界面附近的自发辐射率的计算公式进行了推导,并对界面附近原子自发辐射率的多周期振荡现象进行了系统的研究.首先,根据光子的闭合轨道理论,把原子的自发辐射用经典的偶极天线辐射来模拟,推导出原子在一个金属界面旁的自发辐射率的计算公式,然后再推广到两个金属界面旁的原子自发辐射情况,并对原子自发辐射率的多周期振荡进行了分析.     

固液界面接触角的微观理论

应用非均匀流体的平均场局域密度泛函理论,计算了固液界面的接触角,揭示了接触角与分子间作用势的关系.简要地整理了研究流体界面的平均场局域泛函理论.