Modification and investigation of silica particles as a foam stabilizer

As a solid foam stabilizer, spherical silica particles with diameters ranging from 150 to 190 nm were prepared via an improved Stöber method and were subsequently modified using three different silane coupling agents to attain the optimum surface hydrophobicity of the particles. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and the measured contact angles were used to characterize the surface properties of the prepared particles. The foam stability was investigated by the foam drainage half-life and the expansion viscoelastic modulus of the liquid film. The results demonstrate that all of the modified silica nanoparticles effectively improve the foam stability. The surface hydrophobicity of the modified particles is found to be a key factor influencing the foam stability. The optimum contact angle of the particles lies in the approximate range from 50° to 55°. The modifier molecular structure used can also influence the stabilizing foam property of the solid particles. The foam system stabilized by (CH₃)₂SiCl₂-modified silica particles exhibits the highest stability; its drainage half-life at maximum increases by 27% compared to that of the blank foam system and is substantially greater than those of the foam systems stabilized by KH570- and KH550-modified particles.     

液固撞击的非线性波动模型的研究

推导了和于研究液固撞击问题的非线性波动模型，并将其应用于水锤过程及球形液滴与刚性固体平面法向撞击过程的数值分析。通过对水锤过程的模拟分析，给出了液固接触面压力随时间的分布；对球形液滴与刚性固体平面撞击过程的模拟，给出了不同时间液固接触面上无量纲压力分布，以及液滴内无量纲压力的等值线。结果表明，非线性波动模型可以给出详细的液固撞击过程的各物理参量，为液滴侵蚀固体表面问题的研究提供了可靠的依据。结果与精确解吻合良好，从而对非线性波动模型进行了验证。     

接触角滞后现象的理论分析

通过引入“滞后阻力”的概念,分别用力学方法和热力学方法导出固体表面上液滴平衡时接触角应满足的条件;定性地给出了表面湿润性和前进接触角与后退接触角同表面粗糙度的关系,分析了前进接触角和后退接触角的物理意义;由此给出了接触角滞后现象的一种合理解释．本的研究为汽液相变传热过程中的沸腾核化、临界热负荷、最小热流密度、珠状凝结等现象的深刻认识,开拓了新的思路,传统研究中对粗糙度影响的复杂定量化测量描述也可转化为用接触角单一参数表征和描述的简化方法．因此本的认识对研究沸腾和凝结传热有重要的现实意义．     

Effect of magnesium and nickel coatings on the wetting behavior of alumina toughened zirconia by molten Al-Mg alloy

The wettability of alumina toughened zirconia (ZTA) by Al-Mg alloy was investigated using the sessile drop technique. The effects of nickel coating, magnesium content, nitrogen atmosphere, and processing temperature on the contact angle between the molten alloy and the substrate were determined. Likewise, the effect of these factors on the wetting properties was studied. The results showed that the nickel coating on the ceramic substrate caused a significant reduction in solid/liquid surface energy and the contact angle decreased obviously. The presence of magnesium in the molten aluminum alloy in nitrogen atmosphere reduced the contact angle effectively. The presence of magnesium in the alloy must be at a minimum amount of 2wt%-3wt%. Moreover, it was suggested that some chemical reactions in the Al-Mg-N system led to the production of Mg₃N₂ and AlN compositions. These compositions improved the wetting properties of the systems by reducing the surface energy of the molten. It was shown that increasing the temperature is also an effective factor for the enhancement of wetting properties.     

工业化超疏水TiO2涂层的简易制备和性能研究

为探究适合工业化生产用超疏水纳米TiO₂的绿色改性工艺,以饱和脂肪酸A、硅烷B、纳米TiO₂（P25）等为原料制备超疏水TiO₂粉末,与环氧树脂混合后利用喷涂法制备出超疏水涂层。采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和接触角分析仪对超疏水粉末和超疏水涂层表面的形貌和疏水性进行了表征。结果表明：超疏水TiO₂粒子表面具有疏水性基团和微-纳米双重粗糙结构,粒子表面的静态水接触角为158°,滚动角为3°;当超疏水TiO₂与环氧树脂的质量比在3.2～3.5时,超疏水涂层既保持超疏水性,又与基底稳固结合,同时具有自清洁性和可修复性。该工艺操作简单方便,成本低,疏水性好,无需特殊设备,工艺环保,适应工业化生产,可用来大面积制备超疏水涂层,拥有较高的商业价值。     

Phase difference and interference between reflected cylindrical wave and head wave at a liquid/solid interface

The reflected field of pulsed cylindrical waves from a liquid-solid interface is studied by the numerical method and the experimental method. The reflected field is calculated and shown in gray pictures. The calculated incident angles θ _n (n=1, 2, 3,…) of a series of minimums (or nulls) on the reflected wavefront are presented. The measured angle of the minimum from Schlieren photograph is consistent with that by calculation. The appearance of minimums is explained by the interference between the reflected wave and the head wave, and by the radiated dissipation of the head wave. The leading phase angle of the head wave to the reflected wave is proved to be about 3π/4 by the numerical calculation.     

MgCl2对动态润湿角的影响

油气藏水驱过程中,存在大量离子交换过程,从而导致水相中离子浓度的改变,为了研究这一动态过程,以石英为研究对象,用接触角测定仪研究了MgCl2浓度对石英表面接触角的影响。结果表明,液固之间的接触角是一个动态变化的过程,接触角总是随时间的增加而减小,减小速度初期较大,后期较小,随着MgCl2浓度的增加,接触角先增加后减小。     

Retrieving dry snow density with SIR-C polarimetric SAR data

For a given incidence angle at the snow surface, a greater snow density causes a greater change in the incidence angle at the snow-ground interface; for a given snow density, however, a larger incidence angle at the snow surface results in a greater change in the refractive angle in the snow layer, by comparing the difference of incidence angle at the snow-ground interface and the air-snow interface with different snow density. Algorithm for estimating dry snow density used backscattering measurements with polarimetric SAR at L-band frequency is developed based on simulation of the surface backscattering componentsσ ^g _hh andσ ^g _vv using the IEM model and regression analysis. The comparison of the estimated snow density from SAR L-band images with that from field measurements during the SIR-C/X-SAR overpass shows root means square error of 0.050 g/cm³. It shows that this algorithm can be accurately used to estimate dry snow density distribution.     

插板法测表面张力公式的新证明及讨论

从力平衡的角度，建立固液接触角为零度时插板外液体的物理数学模型，推导证明液体表面形状曲线方程，然后证明固液接触角不为零度时的一般情况，为测量依据公式提供一种新的证明方法，最后，通过讨论得出３点有意义的结论。（１）对于一定的液体，不同材料插板 起液体上升的实际高度不同，但最高固液接触点都落在同一曲线上。（２）可以通过测量直线距离代替接触角的作测，以提高表面张力的精度。（３）由直线距离测量所得表面张力     

Molecular dynamics simulation of wetting behavior at CO2/water/solid interfaces

We used molecular dynamics simulation to demonstrate the microscopic wetting behavior of two solid model surfaces for the first time. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic features were modeled in a dense CO₂ fluid environment under various densities. The water droplet loses contact with the surface under the influence of higher density CO₂ fluids on the hydrophobic surface. For the hydro-philic surface, no separation between the water droplet and the surface was observed. However, the contact angle of the water droplet on the hydrophilic surface was found to increase with the fluid density. The effect of dense CO₂ fluid on the surface wettability can be interpreted in terms of enhanced interactions from the surrounding CO₂ molecules.     

Electrochemical and spectroscopic study of interfacial interactions between chalcopyrite and typical flotation process reagents

Comparative voltammetry and differential double-layer capacitance studies were performed to evaluate interfacial interactions between chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂) and n-isopropyl xanthate (X) in the presence of ammonium bisulfite/39wt% SO₂ and caustic starch at different pH values. Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, and microflotation tests were used to establish the type and extent of xanthate adsorption as well as the species involved under different mineral surface conditions in this study. The results demonstrate that the species that favor a greater hydrophobicity of chalcopyrite are primarily CuX and S0, whereas oxides and hydroxides of Cu and Fe as well as an excess of starch decrease the hydrophobicity. A conditioning of the mineral surface with ammonium bisulfite/39wt% SO₂ at pH 6 promotes the activation of surface and enhances the xanthate adsorption. However, this effect is diminished at pH ≥ 8, when an excess of starch is added during the preconditioning step.     

八宝景天叶片表面润湿性测试与疏水机理分析

为探寻用于超疏水表面制备的仿生原型,测试了八宝景天(Hylotelephium erythrostictum)叶片表面对水滴的润湿性,采用扫描电镜和三维形貌干涉仪对叶片表面微形貌结构进行观测并提取特征参数,基于Wenzel方程和Cassie-Baxter方程构建模型用以分析叶片表面的疏水机理。结果表明:润湿性随叶片类型的不同而呈现差异,其中新鲜幼叶正、反表面的接触角分别为(147.25±3.79)°和(137.46±4.03)°,新鲜幼叶反面的接触角高达152.54°;叶片表面由排列连续致密且呈椭球形的凸包和交错排列成网状且形貌不规则但可辨别轮廓的蜡质晶体构成,不同类型叶片表面的凸包形貌呈现显著差异但蜡质晶体形貌未有明显区别;幼叶正、反表面的凸包具有相似的高度但分布密度和投影面积显著不同,蜡质晶体层的高度和面积比未有明显差异;微米级凸包和纳米级蜡质晶体的协同作用使叶片表面呈现疏水特性且蜡质晶体发挥关键作用。基于Cassie-Baxter方程构建的模型能够有效揭示叶片表面的疏水机理,并可为超疏水表面的仿生制备提供理论支持。     

Measurement of contact angle between stainless steel surface and carbon dioxide by pendant drop method

To measure contact angle between CO2 and solid surface, in this study a visual high-pressure vessel has been developed, with a corresponding well-controlled constant temperature system. Pendant drop method is applied to the investigation of the contact angles of CO2 on a stainless steel surface in its own vapor. The image of the pendant drop is recorded by a camera, and a B-Snake method is used to analyze the contour and the contact angle of the droplet. The experimental results have provided a set of well tested data, which show that C02 has good infiltration into stainless steel surface and the developed method can be used as a standard testing one for measuring the contact angle between high-pressure liquid and solid surface.     

Theoretical analysis of reactive solid-liquid interfacial energies

The characterization of reactive solid-liquid interfacial energies and solid surface energies is a pressing problem in materials science and surface science. Based on the concept that unbalanced forces doing work, a mathematical formulation between surface energies and interfacial energies for reactive wetting is presented. The resulting formalism has significant generality in which the equilibrium Young’s equation for solid-liquid interfacial energies is just a special case. It is shown that a solid-liquid interfacial energy at non-equilibrium is always higher than that at equilibrium, and that the transformation of reactive interfaces to equilib-rium interfaces is an inevitable, spontaneous process. The numerical range of solid-liquid interfacial energies γsl for a limited, solid-liquid interfacial wetting system was calculated to be 0 ≤γsl ≤γsg. The calculation methods for reactive solid-liquid interfacial energies and solid surface energies are presented. They are significant for composite materials and weld, powder sinter, package of electronic devices, and other surface and interfacial issues in metallurgy.     

固液界面接触角的微观理论

应用非均匀流体的平均场局域密度泛函理论,计算了固液界面的接触角,揭示了接触角与分子间作用势的关系.简要地整理了研究流体界面的平均场局域泛函理论.     

Formation and biocorrosion behavior of Zr-Al-Co-Nb bulk metallic glasses

Ni-and Cu-free Zr-Al-Co-Nb glassy alloys with different Nb and Co contents were synthesized by melt spinning and copper mold casting.The effects of Nb addition to partially replace Co in the Zr55Al20Co25 glassy alloy on the glass-forming ability,thermal properties,in-vitro biocorrosion behavior and surface wettability of the metallic glasses were investigated.Although addition of Nb up to 5 at.% slightly decreased the supercooled liquid region and the glass-forming ability(GFA),the alloys could be casted in a bulk glassy rod form with diameters up to 3mm.The Zr-Al-Co-Nb glassy alloys were spontaneously passivated with low passive current densities in phosphate buffered saline and Hanks’ solution.Substitution of "toxic" Co by Nb is effective in improved the corrosion resistance of the Zr-Al-Co glassy alloy.Water contact angle measurements showed that Nb addition increased the hydrophilicity of the glassy alloys,which may enhance cell adhesion of the alloys in biomedical applications.     

TiO2对磁控溅射Ti-TiO2纳米复合涂层抗菌性能的影响

为预防种植体周围炎,采用反应磁控溅射法在纯Ti片表面制备了Ti-TiO₂纳米复合涂层,改变Ti靶材与TiO₂靶材的拼接比例,研究纳米TiO₂体积分数对涂层微观结构和抗菌性能的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪、原子力显微镜、接触角测量仪对样品进行微观组织的表征以及表面粗糙度和润湿性能的测量,采用CCK-8法(cell counting kit-8,CCK-8)对涂层进行细胞毒性测试,采用平板涂布计数法对涂层进行抗菌性能评价。结果表明,当Ti靶材与TiO₂靶材的拼接比例为95∶5时,Ti-TiO₂涂层含纳米TiO₂量最多,涂层的表面粗糙度以及与液相接触角达到最大值,分别为1.28 nm和100.42°,涂层无细胞毒性,符合生物安全性材料的标准,涂层的抗菌性能最佳,涂层的抑菌率达到了90.94%。     

Static and dynamic characterization of droplets on hydrophobic surfaces

We report on our study of the static and dynamic wetting property of hydrophobic surfaces with micro-and dual micro/nano-scale structures.Simulations based on the lattice Boltzmann method showed that the apparent contact angle of water droplets on hy-drophobic surfaces with micro-scale structures increases as solid area decreases,whereas dual micro/nano-scale structures not only increase surface hydrophobicity but also greatly stabilize the Cassie state of droplets.Droplets falling on a superhydrophobic surface distort and,depending of free energy,sometimes bounced on the surface before finally adhering to the surface.These phenomena are in agreement with experimental observations.Simulated results also show that micro/nano-scale surface structures can increase droplet rebound height,which depends on static apparent contact angle.     

Phase field simulation of monotectic transformation for liquid Ni-Cu-Pb alloys

Based on the subregular solution model, the liquid phase separation of ternary (Ni _x Cu_100−x )₅₀Pb₅₀ monotectic alloys is simulated by the phase field method. It is found that if the surface segregation potential is not incorporated, the dynamic morphologies of alloy melt show a transition from disperse microstructure into bicontinuous microstructure with the increase of fluidity parameter. When the surface segregation potential is coupled, Pb-rich phase migrates preferentially to the surface of the liquid alloy, and the Ni-rich phase depends on the Pb-rich phase to nucleate. With the extension of the phase separation time, the surface layer is formed through coagulation and growth, and its thickness gradually increases. The Ni-rich phase migrates to the central part, and finally a two-layer core-shell microstructure is produced. The concentration in the surface layer fluctuates more conspicuously than that inside the bulk phase, which subsequently transfers from the surface to the interior by a wave. The fluid field near the liquid-liquid interface is strong at the beginning of phase separation, and reduces later on. The surface segregation is essential to the formation of the surface layer, concentration profile variation, fluid field distribution and phase separation morphology. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50121101, 50395105)     

Wetting behavior and interfacial characteristic of Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloy on Cu substrate

Wettability of molten Sn-Ag-Cu alloy on Cu substrate has been determined by sessile drop method, as well as its dependence on time and temperature. It was found that the evolution of contact angle at the alloy’s melting point experienced four different stages. Especially, the contact angle was unstable and fluctuant in stage II, and gradually decreased in stage III mainly due to a chemical reaction between Sn-Ag-Cu alloy and Cu substrate. The contact angle decreased with increasing temperature, but increased slightly at 629 K, for another chemical reaction occurred. Interfacial characteristic has been further investigated by examining the sample’s cross section. Intermetallic compounds of Cu6Sn5 and β-Sn phase were found at the interface of Sn-Ag-Cu/Cu.