计算机测控物料干燥试验装置的研究

设计研制了一套计算机测控的物料干燥试验装置。该试验装置是由计算机自动监控的调温、调湿、调速供风系统。调试的结果表明 :满足温度 2 0～ 180℃± 1℃、相对湿度 2 0 %～ 90 %± 3%、风速 0 .4～ 5 .0m s±0 .1m s的要求 ,并可模拟多种物料实际干燥工况 ,可进行物料干燥试验的要求     

闭式空气循环干燥棒香的试验

依据闭式空气干燥循环的原理建立试验台,选择质量约1.2 kg的大尺寸(直径25 mm、长970 mm)棒香进行试验,分析初始含水率、升温速率、干燥温度和干燥风速对棒香干燥质量的影响.结果表明:棒香与木材的干燥特性相似,升温速率是造成表面开裂的主要原因,而其与干燥温度和循环风量之间的优化匹配则为棒香干燥质量的保障;对试验棒香,初始含水率为66.08%时,循环空气的升温速率、温度和风速应分别控制在0.22℃/min、45～50℃和1.7 m/s;必须根据棒香规格和干燥室容积,确定适宜的干燥运行参数.     

闭式空气循环干燥棒香的初步试验

依据闭式空气干燥循环的原理建立试验台,选择质量约1.2kg的大尺寸(直径25mm、长970mm)棒香进行试验,分析初始含水率、升温速率、干燥温度和干燥风速对棒香干燥质量的影响.结果表明:棒香与木材的干燥特性相似,升温速率是造成表面开裂的主要原因,而其与干燥温度和循环风量之间的优化匹配则为棒香干燥质量的保障;对试验棒香,初始含水率为66.08%时,循环空气的升温速率、温度和风速应分别控制在0.22℃/min、45～50℃和1.7m/s;须根据棒香规格和干燥室容积,确定适宜的干燥运行参数.     

脊腹褐虾低温热泵联合干燥技术优化及质量分析

为了提高海捕脊腹褐虾干制品的质量,采用低温热泵联合干燥技术,对脊腹褐虾干制品的色差值、复水比、细菌总数、T-VBN值以及能耗值等指标进行分析测定。结果表明:低温热泵联合干燥技术较传统单一干燥技术在干燥效果、干燥能耗以及投入设备成本等方面更具有优势。进一步对影响低温热泵干燥技术的因素主要包括填物料量、循环风速、干燥室温度和相对湿度等进行优化。研究结果表明:脊腹褐虾在干燥室相对湿度控制35%、干燥室温度为45℃、装填物料量为8 kg、循环风速为2.5 m/s时候干燥效果最佳,且节能效果明显,能耗降低达到35.2%。该成果的成功开发对降低水产品干燥过程中的耗能问题具有促进作用。     

预处理对百合热风干燥特性及其品质的影响

为分析预处理对百合热风干燥特性及其品质的影响,以新鲜百合为原料,探讨干燥温度、漂烫时间、漂烫温度对百合干燥产品有效水分扩散系数、干燥活化能、总酚与干基的质量比、总黄酮与干基的质量比、色泽和微观结构的影响。研究结果表明:干燥温度、漂烫时间和漂烫温度的增加可提高干燥速率,缩短干燥时间。百合在热风干燥过程中的有效水分扩散系数为0.51×10~(-10)~4.57×10~(-10)m~2/s,并根据阿伦尼乌斯公式,计算出未经处理和经100℃漂烫45 s的百合的干燥活化能分别为86.91 k J/mol和41.38 k J/mol。总酚与干基的质量比和总黄酮与干基的质量比随着漂烫时间及漂烫温度的升高而下降。漂烫时间为45 s、漂烫温度为100℃时,能有效改善干燥产品的色泽,与未处理样品相比,表面皱缩严重。百合最适宜的漂烫条件为漂烫温度100℃,漂烫时间45 s。     

白玉菇中短波红外干燥特性及动力学模型

为提高白玉菇的货架期,采用中短波红外线对白玉菇进行干燥,考察了干燥温度(60、70、80、90℃)和干燥功率(675、900、1 125、1 350 W)对白玉菇干燥特性的影响,并通过7种常用的农产品干燥模型对干燥过程进行了拟合,建立了白玉菇中短波红外干燥的动力学模型。研究结果表明:干燥温度和干燥功率对白玉菇的干燥过程均有影响,但干燥温度对干燥过程影响更大,干燥温度越高,干基含水率下降越明显。白玉菇干燥过程由内部水分扩散控制,降速阶段为主要阶段。Page模型的预测值与实验值具有较高的拟合度,能够较准确地反映白玉菇红外干燥过程,可以用来定量描述不同干燥温度和不同干燥功率下白玉菇的红外干燥过程规律。固定干燥功率为1 125 W时,水分有效扩散系数随着干燥温度的升高而增大,当干燥温度从60℃升高到90℃时,水分有效扩散系数从2.723×10~(-9) m~2/s升高到9.088×10~(-9) m~2/s;固定干燥温度为70℃时,水分有效扩散系数随着干燥功率的升高而增大,当干燥功率从675 W增加到1 350 W时,水分有效扩散系数从4.847×10~(-9) m~2/s升高到5.243×10~(-9) m~2/s。白玉菇中短波红外干燥活化能为39.45 kJ/mol。本研究旨在对白玉菇的中短波红外干燥工艺设计、设备选型及生产控制提供理论参考。     

数据中心热管背板送风对芯片温度影响的模拟研究

分离式热管系统通常依据服务器负载变化来调节背板风量,降低数据中心的运行能耗和提升设备的安全性,但风量降低会影响服务器芯片散热效率,可能造成芯片过热失效。为了分析风量变化对芯片热安全的影响,基于机柜、服务器和芯片的结构和运行参数在ICEPAK中建立机柜物理模型,并耦合分离式微通道热管一维稳态换热模型,描述数据机房用热管背板冷却机柜服务器的全流程换热过程,研究了不同服务器负载下风量对芯片温度的影响。在标准工况下（机房温度27 ℃,冷水进水温度18 ℃,风量1 400 m3/h）,当服务器负载为6 kW时,芯片平均温度为54.1 ℃,热管的能效比为60。在满足机柜冷量需求的基础上,降低风量至额定风量（1 400 m3/h）的43%（600 m3/h）,会使得芯片散热器表面平均风速降低37%,芯片与空气之间的热阻升高35%,导致芯片温度和服务器排风温度分别升高至75.7 ℃和56.5 ℃。此时,芯片依然在安全温度（<85 ℃）运行,热管背板的能效比提升了132%。当服务器负载降低为4 kW和2 kW时,在保证芯片安全运行的前提下,可分别降低背板风量70%和85%,热管背板的能效比提升245%和600%。     

干燥条件对海巴戟天果中水分和蒽醌类化合物含量的影响

在真空干燥、密闭干燥、热风干燥条件下,研究干燥温度为50℃、60℃、70℃和样品厚度(1 mm、2 mm、3 mm)对海巴戟天果的干燥动力学和蒽醌类化合物含量的影响.水分的干燥曲线表明干燥动力学和有效水分扩散率的关系,阿伦尼乌斯方程则表示扩散系数与温度的关系.干燥条件、样品厚度(1 mm、2 mm和3 mm厚度)以及干燥温度影响干燥率和蒽醌类化合物含量.真空干燥条件具有更高的干燥效率,水分扩散率和蒽醌类化合物含量均较高.当样品厚度为3 mm,真空条件下扩散系数8.82×10-10m2/s,活化能为36.52 KJ/mol.     

红枣气体射流冲击干燥特性及干燥模型

由于红枣收获后品质快速下降,探讨适合红枣的加工方法以便延长红枣的保藏期非常重要。探究了干制条件对红枣气体射流干燥特性的影响,以便提高干制红枣品质,缩短干制时间,获取干燥活化能,优选干燥模型。选用自制气体射流冲击干燥设备干制红枣,研究风速(8.5、10.0、12.0m/s)、风温{60、65、70℃,变量[70℃(5h)+65℃(8h)+55℃]}对红枣水分比和干燥速率、水分有效扩散系数及活化能的影响,通过DPS数据统计软件对8个干燥模型(Lewis、Page、Modified Page、Wang & Singh、Henderson & Pabis、Approximation of diffusion、Logarithmic、Simplified Fick''s diffusion)进行拟合筛选。与大多数食品材料的干燥特性一致,红枣的气体射流冲击干燥过程主要为降速干燥。温度对整个干燥过程中参数的变化影响较大,温度越高,水分扩散越快,水分比下降越快,干燥速率越高。最高有效扩散系数为1.22133×10-9m²/s,所需最小活化能为10.39kJ/mol。使用8个模型进行拟合,研究发现Logarithmic模型的参数系数(R²)值为0.999801,均方根误差(RMSE)值为0.002913,卡方值(χ²)为9.332000×10-6,该模型为描述红枣气体射流冲击干燥的最优模型。温度与风速均对干燥曲线、干燥速率曲线、水分有效扩散系数和活化能有影响,在温度70℃(5h)+65℃(8h)+55℃,风速12.0m/s的条件下干燥效果较佳。     

番薯片薄层热风对流干燥模型与传质性能

为了探讨番薯干燥的热传递特性,在对流热风干燥实验装置中进行了番薯片薄层干燥实验,研究了干燥温度对干燥过程的影响;将试验的水分比与数学模型进行了拟合,计算了不同温度下的水分有效扩散系数,并关联了其与干燥温度的关系。结果表明:干燥温度对干燥过程影响显著;用Logarithmic模型来描述番薯片热风干燥动力学令人满意;番薯片厚度为2mm时,随风温升高,水分有效扩散系数从2.961 6×10-10 m2/s增大到4.693 9×10-10 m2/s,并符合阿累尼乌斯方程,活化能为23.29kJ/mol。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the