Martensite transformation induced by deformation and its phase electrochemical behavior for stainless steels AISI 304 and 316L

The martensite transformation induced by tensile elongation and its effect on the behavior of phase electrochemistry of AISI 304 and 316L in 3.5% NaCl solution were studied. The results show that the content of α'-martensite in stainless steel 304 increases with the true strain. As α'-martensite content increased, free corrosion potential and pitting potential of stainless steel 304 in 3.5% NaCl solution appeared the change trend of a minimum. It was also found that pitting nucleated preferentially at the phase interfaces between martensite and austenite. There existed apparent difference between electrochemical properties of austenite and of martensite for stainless steel 304 and 316L in 3.5% NaCl solution.     

AISI304不锈钢在冷加工过程中的微观组织变化

在不同温度下对AISI304不锈钢进行不同方式、不同程度冷加工,用铁素体测量仪测定马氏体相变量,研究了冷加工与马氏体相变的关系;将AISI304不锈钢在低温(液氮,-70#℃)条件下进行不同程度拉伸,采用透射电镜观测位错分布,研究了冷加工与位错密度的关系.结果表明:冷加工在一定条件下可以产生形变诱发马氏体,其含量随冷加工变形量的增大而增加;同时,冷加工导致AISI304不锈钢中金属晶粒拉长,其位错密度随冷加工变形量的增加而增大.     

304L不锈钢在核电一回路水中应力腐蚀行为的研究

 在模拟核电一回路高温高压水环境中,采用慢应变速率拉伸试验方法,研究温度对304L不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂的影响规律。通过扫描电镜观察,对试样断口形貌进行分析。结果表明,在高压水环境中,随着温度的升高,材料有向脆性断裂转变的倾向,抗拉强度等参数变化不大,延伸率和断面收缩率略有降低;在研究温度范围内,304L不锈钢试样断口未发现明显脆性解理特征;温度处于200-345℃区间时,没有发现存在304L不锈钢敏感温度,材料应力腐蚀敏感性较低。     

应用方波电位脉冲方法检测304L奥氏体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性

用方波电位脉冲法，对ＡＩＳＩ３０４Ｌ不锈钢主要由晶界贫铬引起的晶间腐蚀敏感性随敏化时间的变化规律进行了研究。通过比较发现方波电位脉冲实验与ＥＰＲ方法、１０％草酸电解实验以及Ｈ２ＳＯ４－ＣｕＳＯ（４－）钢屑实验之间存在着较好的对应关系。方波电位脉冲法可以精确地定量反映３０４Ｌ不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性，对应第１０个脉冲的再活化电流密度峰值ｉ（ｒ１０）可作为反映晶间腐蚀敏感性的特征参数。     

Production of 316L stainless steel implant materials by powder metallurgy and investigation of their wear properties

In this study,the mechanical and wear properties of AISI 316L stainless steel implant materials,produced by powder metallurgy(P/M),were investigated.AISI 316L stainless steel powder was cold-pressed with 800 MPa of pressure and then sintered at 1200,1250 and 1300°C for 30 min as three sample groups.The microstructure,and mechanical and wear properties of the resulting steels were investigated.Light optical and scanning electron microscopiese were used to characterize the microstructure of the steels.Room temperature mechanical properties of the steels were determined by hardness measurements and impact tests.Wear was determined using the pin-on-disc wear test,and the results were evaluated according to weight loss.The results indicate that the sintering temperature,time and atmosphere are important parameters that affect the porous ratio of materials produced by P/M.Sintering at high temperature can eliminate small pores and make the residual pores spherical.The wear tests showed that the wear of the AISI 316L stainless steel implants changed depending on the sintering temperature and load.Spherical pores in the samples increase the wear resistance.Moreover,decreasing the porosity ratio of these materials improves all of their mechanical properties.     

304不锈钢拉伸变形过程中的马氏体相变

通过单向拉伸实验,研究了304不锈钢在不同应变量及不同应变速率下的马氏体含量与力学性能之间的关系.结果表明:在室温下,当应变速率为3×10-3s-1时,该材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度分别为220及1 260MPa,延伸率为57%,变形后样品中的马氏体体积分数为55%;当应变速率增加到3×10-1s-1时,虽然该材料的屈服强度增至370MPa,但是抗拉强度下降至1 000MPa,延伸率则下降至42%,变形后样品中的马氏体体积分数下降至21%.上述结果说明,该304不锈钢的塑性变形能力与其中的马氏体体积分数密切相关,应变诱导马氏体相变是该钢种的主要变形机制.     

节镍无磁不锈钢Cr18Ni6Mn3N的组织及性能

研究了节镍无磁不锈钢Cr18Ni6Mn3N的热轧及固溶后的力学性能和耐蚀性能,分析了其固溶和时效析出后的组织演变规律、冷变形过程中形变诱发马氏体相变及其磁性能.结果表明:该不锈钢的固溶组织为单相奥氏体,其力学性能和耐蚀性能均高于SUS304不锈钢;800℃保温4 h后,在晶界析出粒状氮化物,随着保温时间延长,逐渐沿晶界凸起片层状析出物并向晶内生长,保温20 h后,凸出的片层状析出物直径达20μm.冷轧压下率18.3%时尚未发现形变诱发马氏体组织,随着变形量增大,马氏体含量增多,磁导率上升,但与相同条件下的SUS304不锈钢相比,冷轧板固溶后相对磁导率可降至1.002,因此可用于低成本无磁不锈钢领域.     

Experimental determination of mechanical properties and short-time creep of AISI 304 stainless steel at elevated temperatures

The high temperature properties of AISI 304 stainless steel were studied. Basic data about the employed experimental equipment, testing procedures, and specimen geometry were given. The experimental setup was used to obtain stress-strain diagrams from tensile tests at room temperature as well as several elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the specimens were subjected to short-time creep tests at various temperatures. Stress levels for creep testing were established as a percentage of yield stress. The results indicate that at lowered temperatures and lower stress levels, AISI 304 stainless steel can be used as a sufficiently creep resistant material.     

Effect of cryogenic rolling and annealing on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 304 stainless steel

Metastable 304 austenitic stainless steel was subjected to rolling at cryogenic and room temperatures, followed by annealing at different temperatures from 500 to 950℃. Phase transition during annealing was studied using X-ray diffractometry. Transmission electron microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction were used to characterize the martensite transformation and the distribution of austenite grain size after annealing. The recrystallization mechanism during cryogenic rolling was a reversal of martensite into austenite and austenite growth. Cryogenic rolling followed by annealing refined grains to 4.7 μm compared with 8.7 μm achieved under room-temperature rolling, as shown by the electron backscattered diffraction images. Tensile tests showed significantly improved mechanical properties after cryogenic rolling as the yield strength was enhanced by 47% compared with room-temperature rolling.     

AISI304/低碳钢真空扩散焊接头组织和性能

采用真空扩散焊接方法连接AISI304奥氏体不锈钢和低碳钢异种材料.在焊接温度和焊接压力恒定的条件下,研究焊接时间对ASTM304/低碳钢异种材料扩散焊接头组织和性能的影响.研究结果表明:在焊接温度850℃,焊接压力10 MPa,焊接时间60 min条件下AISI304奥氏体不锈钢/低碳钢异种材料实现了良好的扩散结合,其强度和韧性均超过低碳钢母材水平.接头抗拉强度达到440 MPa,拉伸断裂发生在低碳钢一侧.在扩散焊高温环境下,界面附近有碳化物偏析现象,析出相为脆硬的Cr23C6,脆硬相的出现导致界面韧性下降,延长焊接时间可有效避免有害化合物Cr23C6的析出,冲击韧性达到120.5 J/cm2,冲击断口在低碳钢一侧.     

新的非比例加载低周疲劳寿命估算方法

利用对 316L不锈钢多轴非比例加载低周疲劳的试验结果 ,对现有的多轴低周疲劳寿命估算方法进行了讨论 ,基于 316L不锈钢非比例加载低周疲劳的微观机理 ,选择最大剪应变以及应变路径的非比例度作为损伤参量 ,建立了基于临界面方法的新的非比例加载低周疲劳寿命估算公式 ,利用新的非比例加载低周疲劳寿命估算公式对寿命的预测结果表明 :新的寿命估算公式对剪切型破坏的 316L与 316LN不锈钢及拉伸型破坏的 30 4不锈钢非比例加载低周疲劳寿命预言能力比现有的临界面方法精确 .     

固体表面激光加工熔池特性的数值分析

通过引入液相分数标量描述界面熔融区,能量方程中将潜热转换为热焓源项,而动量方程则引入‘Darcy’源项,由此建立统一的液和固相控制方程,实现在固定网格下求解具有移动界面的熔化和凝固过程．应用该模型详细分析不锈钢表面激光加工过程热传导、Marangoni和热浮力三种换热机制对熔化过程和熔池形状的影响．     

Photocatalytic activity of ferric oxide/titanium dioxide nanocomposite films on stainless steel fabricated by anodization and ion implantation

A simple surface treatment was used to develop photocatalytic activity for stainless steel. AISI 304 stainless steel specimens after anodization were implanted by Ti ions at an extracting voltage of 50 kV with an implantation dose of 3 × 1015 atoms·cm?2 and then annealed in air at 450℃ for 2 h. The morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The microstructure was characterized by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue solution was carried out under ultraviolet light. The corrosion resistance of the stainless steel was evaluated in NaCl solution (3.5 wt%) by electrochemical polarization curves. It is found that the Ti ions depth profile resembles a Gaussian distribution in the implanted layer. The nanostructured Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ composite film exhibits a remarkable enhancement in photocatalytic activity referenced to the mechanically polished specimen and anodized specimen. Meanwhile, the annealed Ti-implanted specimen remains good corrosion resistance.     

高应变率时的转变动力学测试及组织形貌观察

采用自行设计的双径试样，提出了高应变率时的转变这测试方法，并测定了奥氏体不锈钢在低温高应变率时应变衣发马氏体转变的动力学曲线，观察了不同变形阶段的组织形貌。结果表明：当应变量小于9％时，高应变率时的应变诱发马氏体转变量低于低应变率时的；当应变量大于9％时，则相反，观察到高应变率时应力平均与硬化阶段的TEM组织形貌分别对孪晶与断续的马氏体。     

电化学处理苯酚废水时阳极聚苯酚膜的剥离

采用刮削法、化学试剂法、热力分解法、电化学法等对电化学处理苯酚废水时阳极生成的聚苯酚膜层与不锈钢基体的分离进行了探索研究。电化学测试、差热扫描分析结果表明：刮削法、化学试剂法和热力分解法存在膜去除不彻底或聚合物不能回收等缺点，只有电化学法能彻底移除阳极聚苯酚膜。控制体系pH为2、采用0.1mol/L硫酸钠水溶液为电解质、阳极电流密度维持在10mA/cm²以上及电解时间3～10min，即可将苯酚聚合物与不锈钢基体剥离，阳极不锈钢电极可直接回用。     

极化曲线法比较彩色不锈钢在硫酸介质中的耐蚀性

通过化学着色法对304HC,316,316L不锈钢进行了着金黄色及其热水固膜后处理,运用动态极化曲线扫描法测定了其点蚀击穿电位,结果表明,3种不锈钢着色后的点蚀击穿电位提高80-100mV,耐蚀性能明显提高;热水固膜处理后的彩色不锈钢。304HC不锈钢的点蚀击穿电位又提高了80mV,耐腐蚀进一步增强。     

压力管道金属材料焊接接头的流动加速腐蚀性能

通过温度、压力、流速可控的流动加速腐蚀实验机,模拟某冷凝水管线工况,对20钢分别与20钢、Q345R钢和304不锈钢焊接接头的流动加速腐蚀性能进行研究。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对腐蚀产物进行表征。结果表明:腐蚀速率从大到小依次为20钢-20钢、20钢-Q345R钢、20钢-304不锈钢;相对于20钢母材,3种焊接接头的腐蚀电流均变小,腐蚀电位均向正方向偏移,构成电偶腐蚀时加速了母材的腐蚀速度。在介质流动的状态下,20钢-20钢焊接接头腐蚀产物膜为柱状,20钢-Q345R钢焊接接头腐蚀产物膜为分层片状结构,20钢-304不锈钢焊接接头腐蚀产物为网状结构,其覆盖率从大到小依次为20钢-Q345R,20钢-304不锈钢,20钢-20钢。     

Effects of environmental factors on corrosion behaviors of metal-fiber porous components in a simulated direct methanol fuel cell environment

To enable the use of metallic components in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), issues related to corrosion resistance must be considered because of an acid environment induced by the solid electrolyte. In this study, we report the electrochemical behaviors of metal-fiber-based porous sintered components in a simulated corrosive environment of DMFCs. Three materials were evaluated: pure copper, AISI304, and AISI316L. The environmental factors and related mechanisms affecting the corrosion behaviors were analyzed. The results demonstrated that AISI316L exhibits the best performance. A higher SO₄2- concentration increases the risk of material corrosion, whereas an increase in methanol concentration inhibits corrosion. The morphological features of the corroded samples were also characterized in this study.     

Structural,mechanical and corrosion properties of CNT-304 stainless steel nanocomposites

In this work, a systematic investigation was performed on the structural, mechanical and corrosion properties of CNT incorporated 304 stainless steel. Various concentrations of CNT from 0.5 to 4 wt% were incorporated into the 304 stainless steel matrix to investigate the feasibility of fabrication and enhancement of strength and other material properties. The fabrication of CNT-steel composite was achieved through a spark plasma sintering process at a sintering temperature of 800℃. Raman and morphological studies confirmed that the CNT structure was retained in the sintered pellets. Optimum performance was found at 0.5 wt% CNT giving a Vickers hardness of 351 Hv and compressive yield strength of 404 MPa which were 5.5 and 2.0 times, respectively, those of pristine steel. Corrosion studies with 3.5 wt% Na Cl solution revealed a slight increase in the corrosion rate for CNT dispersed samples.     

Electrochemical behavior of 304 stainless steel with electrodeposited niobium as PEMFC bipolar plates

In order to enhance the corrosion resistance of 304 stainless steel, niobium was electrodeposited on its surface in air- and water-stable ionic liquids. The electrochemical behaviors of bare and niobium-coated 304 stainless steel were evaluated by electrochemical tests in a simulated proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) environment. The results showed that niobium could be electrodeposited on the surface of 304 stainless steel from ionic liquids, and a smooth and strong chemical inert compound film was obtained on the surface of 304 stainless steel, which was mainly composed of NbO and Nb₂O₅. The thin composite film acted as a barrier and remarkably improved the corrosion resistance of 304 stainless steel in the PEMFC environment.