领先:四轮转向系统

四轮转向:即4WS(4 Wheel Steering)所谓四轮转向,是指后轮也和前轮一样具有一定的转向功能,不仅可以与前轮同方向转向,也可以与前轮反方向转向.其主要目的是增强轿车在高速行驶或在侧向风力作用下的操纵稳定性,改善低速时的操纵轻便性,在轿车高速行驶时便于由一个车道向另一个车道的移动调整,以减少调头时的转弯半径.汽车的四轮转向系统在20世纪80年代中期开始发展,其主要目的是提高汽车在高速行驶或在侧向风力作用时的操作稳定性,改善在低速下的操纵轻便性,以及减小在停车场时的转弯半径.     

基于Simulink的四轮转向汽车神经网络控制策略仿真

针对汽车小转角时质心侧偏角为零,高速大转角时前轴抗侧滑的控制目标,提出一种四轮转向汽车控制策略.在Simulink环境下建立包含轮胎非线性和计及侧倾的三自由度四轮转向汽车模型,运用双隐含层BP神经网络训练得到四轮转向控制器.仿真结果表明,神经网络控制器可有效控制高速时汽车前轴滑动的趋势,并在低速到高速时使汽车质心侧偏角基本为零,控制误差低于比例转角控制策略和横摆角速度反馈控制策略.同时高速时横摆角速度响应与前轮转向汽车接近,汽车的侧向加速度和车身侧倾角稳态值比前轮转向有所降低.     

四轮转向车辆的直接横摆力矩控制

将横摆力矩控制(DYC)与四轮转向(4WS)系统相结合,建立侧偏角和横摆角速度具有最佳输出响应的车辆理想模型.采用前馈和反馈控制相结合跟踪理想模型的控制策略,设计出最优控制器,并分别在低速和高速下进行仿真分析.结果表明:四轮转向模型与横摆力矩控制相结合,采用跟踪理想模型的控制策略能够有效地同时控制汽车转向侧偏角和横摆角速度,得到较好的瞬态及稳态响应,有效地减轻驾驶员操纵负担,提高了车辆操纵稳定性.尤其在高速行驶时,仍能获得较好的输出响应,利于提高行车安全性.     

四轮轮毂电机电动汽车固定横摆角速度增益控制研究

基于四轮轮毂电机电动汽车,对固定横摆角速度增益控制问题进行了研究。首先在Car Sim中建立线控转向汽车模型,应用Isight软件对固定横摆角速度增益进行优化设计。根据四轮轮毂电机电动汽车四轮驱/制动力矩独立可控的优势,基于模糊PI控制理论设计了附加横摆力矩决策控制器。采用驱/制动力规则分配方法对四轮驱/制动力进行合理分配;并通过Car Sim与Simulink联合仿真,选取中低车速变车速蛇形试验工况和高速双移线工况对控制方法进行了验证。结果表明:控制后汽车能够很好地跟踪期望横摆角速度,减轻驾驶员转向负担,有效地提高了汽车低速转向灵敏性、高速转向操纵稳定性和转向行驶舒适性。     

汽车四轮转向系统的H∞控制

为了使不确定性输入对受控输出的影响降低到最小,提高系统的鲁棒性能,以汽车四轮转向二自由度模型为基础,针对外界干扰,采用H∞性能指标进行评价,建立汽车四轮转向H∞控制系统.运用H∞控制理论的分析方法,采用前馈和反馈的组合控制进行了最优控制设计.仿真结果表明,设计出来的H∞控制器能够很好地抑制外界干扰对系统稳定性的影响,并且达到了预先控制目标,有效地提高了汽车四轮转向的鲁棒性能.     

四轮独立驱动电动汽车四轮转向和横摆力矩联合控制仿真

为了提升四轮独立驱动电动汽车低速机动性和高速稳定性,提出四轮转向和横摆力矩联合控制策略。针对普通模糊控制器参数和控制规则固定、自适应能力差等缺陷,利用自校正模糊控制器进行模糊控制参数在线修正,建立Matlab/Simulink与Car Sim联合仿真模型,并针对低速急剧双移线工况和高速连续正弦工况,进行了仿真分析,对比了无控制、有参数自校正模糊控制和无参数自校正模糊控制三种控制策略,结果表明:基于参数自校正模糊控制的四轮转向和横摆力矩联合控制策略有效提高了低速机动性和高速稳定性。     

基于时域和频域特性的多目标H2/H∞优化控制

应用基于多目标的克隆选择算法，求解具有稳定极点并满足时域动态性能指标的H2／H∞混合多目标控制器．把这一算法应用于汽车四轮转向系统的鲁棒控制器设计中，设计出的鲁棒控制器实现了上述三目标．与用线性矩阵不等式方法解得的控制器相比，这种算法求得的控制器具有更好的性能．     

考虑行驶稳定性的四轮转向车辆路径跟踪控制研究

为了改善高速和低附着路面上无人驾驶车辆的行驶稳定性和保障行车安全,以四轮转向车辆为研究对象提出了一种考虑行驶稳定性的路径跟踪控制方法。首先基于模型预测控制算法设计了四轮转向路径跟踪控制器,然后根据质心侧偏角-质心侧偏角速度相平面稳定域和零质心侧偏角控制目标设计了车辆状态参数包络约束,在路径跟踪算法中加入轮胎侧偏角约束和车辆状态参数包络约束,保证车辆行驶时的稳定性。CarSim和Simulink联合仿真结果表明,采用基于包络线稳定性控制策略的车辆在高速行驶时或在低附着路面上行驶时能保持良好的路径跟踪能力并具有较好的行驶稳定性。     

AFS/DYC协调控制的分布式驱动电动汽车稳定性控制

为进一步提高分布式驱动电动汽车行驶过程中的稳定性,提出主动前轮转向(AFS)和直接横摆力矩控制(DYC)协调控制策略.为提高车辆稳态行驶时转向能力,设计基于滑模控制(SMC)的前轮主动转向控制器实时修正前轮转角;以维持车辆工作在稳态工作区为控制目标,设计基于模型预测控制(MPC)的车辆稳定性控制器,通过设定的分配规则按轴荷比等比例分配各轮驱/制动力矩.利用相平面法作为判定依据自适应分配各控制器权重,实现控制器之间的切换.在连续转向工况下,对控制算法进行仿真验证.结果表明:在相同转角输入下,相较于无控车辆,受控状态下车辆的横摆稳定性能提高了16%,行驶状态得到了改善.     

高速转向工况下汽车操纵稳定性和平顺性研究

为了更好地兼顾高速转向时汽车的操纵稳定性和平顺性,建立了包含主动悬架系统、Magic非线性轮胎模型和四轮转向系统的整车动力学模型。考虑了侧倾力矩和轮胎垂直载荷转移的影响,基于LQG(Linear Quadratic Gaussian)控制理论和模糊控制理论分别设计了主动悬架的最优控制器和四轮转向系统的模糊反馈控制器,并通过两者间的协调在附着系数为0.8的B级路面上对汽车进行仿真,然后分析了协调控制方法在另一附着系数路面上的有效性。结果表明,与无控制系统相比,协调控制下车身侧倾角峰值减少了36.6%,车身垂直加速度均方根值下降了14.2%,质心侧偏角接近目标零值;协调控制方法在两种常见附着系数路面上均能达到预期的效果,而且随着附着系数的增大,汽车的操纵稳定性和平顺性改善越好。说明所设计的协调控制器能够有效地改善高速转向时汽车的操纵稳定性和平顺性。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.