湿热预处理对餐厨垃圾高温干式厌氧消化的影响

为探索湿热预处理对餐厨垃圾高温干式厌氧消化的影响,在含固率为20％、发酵温度55℃的条件下进行厌氧发酵试验。采用L9（33）正交试验设计,研究湿热预处理的加水率、温度、时间对餐厨垃圾干式厌氧消化产沼气的影响。结果表明：湿热处理后餐厨垃圾的理化性质有明显变化,日产气量、累积产气量以及TS和VS的去除率明显升高。当湿热预处理条件为加水率50％、温度120℃、时间80 min时,SCOD值最高,为101050 mg／L,比未处理时提高了5．6倍。同样,该条件下日产气量出现的两个产气峰值最高,累积产气量也最高,为269．10 ml／gVS,与未处理相比累积产气量提高49．4％。各因素对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产气量影响的主次关系为：温度＞时间＞加水率,处理温度和处理时间对产气量有显著性影响,加水率对产气量影响较弱。     

复合酶水解餐厨垃圾研究

以纤维素酶、漆酶、α-淀粉酶等进行了实际餐厨垃圾水解研究。考察了酶的用量、各酶的比例、餐厨水解液pH、温度和水解时间等因素对水解结果的影响。结果表明,餐厨垃圾在3种酶作用下,水解速度加快,糖化液中还原糖占干物质的质量分数(DE值)和sCOD增加,固形物含量明显减少。正交试验结果表明,在优化条件下,餐厨垃圾4 h内DE值达到38.6%,TS值(混合液底物质量分数)比空白组减少28.63%,溶液sCOD达到23.2 g/L。     

餐厨垃圾发酵产微生物油脂的原液预处理

为了经济高效地利用餐厨垃圾发酵产微生物油脂,采用杯罐实验对餐厨垃圾原液进行热预处理、酸碱预处理和氧条件预处理,以探求酿酒酵母菌S.cerevisiae发酵产微生物油脂的最佳预处理条件。试验结果表明,餐厨垃圾原液热预处理的最佳温度为60℃,60℃温度下预处理2h后,餐厨垃圾水解液中的还原糖百分数和氨基酸态氮含量达到最大,分别为3.780 4%和0.539 mg/mL;pH值为[2,11]的酸碱预处理中,pH值为8时效果最佳,此条件下还原糖百分数和氨基酸态氮含量分别为3.210 4%和0.889mg/mL;相对于好氧条件,餐厨垃圾原液在兼氧条件下处理24h还原糖百分数和氨基酸态氮含量均较大,其值分别为3.221%和0.56mg/mL。在试验获得的最佳预处理条件下,采用Saccharomyces cerevisiae As2.516作为供试菌株,以预处理后的餐厨垃圾水解液加入量90%(V/V)、搅拌速率150r/min、通气量2.5L/min、发酵周期7d为基础发酵条件,进行1L发酵罐发酵,获得油脂产率为26.86%。     

复合酶酶解餐厨垃圾的工艺条件优化研究

采用复合酶处理餐厨垃圾，旨在酶解餐厨垃圾中的营养物质和降低其固形物含量。以餐厨垃圾的降解率为优化指标，通过单因素实验初步探究复合酶添加量及比例、酶解时间、反应初始pH值、酶解温度等因素对酶解反应的影响。采用L9(34)正交实验进行工艺优化，得到最佳工艺条件为酶制剂添加量0.7%、反应初始pH6.0、酶解温度55℃，此时餐厨垃圾的降解率为33.98%。     

餐厨垃圾固相油脂液化及分离回收的影响因素

为提高餐厨垃圾废油分离回收效率,通过试验研究了湿热温度、处理时间等湿热处理参数和粗粒化床高、油水混合液温度、流速等对餐厨垃圾废油脂分离回收效率的影响。结果表明,160℃湿热处理80m in时,餐厨垃圾固相内部油脂液化浸出效果较佳。餐厨垃圾脱出液中粗粒化油脂回收的适宜条件为:塑料纤维材料粗粒化效果优于金属丝材料;粗粒化床高35 cm,分离床入口油水混合物温度为40℃时油水分离效率较高。另外,在满足处理能力的情况下,适当降低粗粒化床进口液体流速可以提高粗粒化效果,当流速低于0.825m/s时,可以保证油脂回收率为75%以上。     

餐厨垃圾固相油脂液化及分离回收的影响因素

为提高餐厨垃圾废油分离回收效率,通过试验研究了湿热温度、处理时间等湿热处理参数和粗粒化床高、油水混合液温度、流速等对餐厨垃圾废油脂分离回收效率的影响。结果表明,160℃湿热处理80min时,餐厨垃圾固相内部油脂液化浸出效果较佳。餐厨垃圾脱出液粗粒化油脂回收的适宜条件为:塑料纤维材料粗粒化效果优于金属丝材料;粗粒化床高35 cm,分离床入口油水混合物温度为40℃时油水分离效率较高。另外,在满足处理能力的情况下,适当降低粗粒化床进口液体流速可以提高粗粒化效果,当流速低于0.825 m/s时,可以保证油脂回收率为75%以上。     

餐厨垃圾发酵产油脂的复合酶制剂水解试验

为使餐厨垃圾能有效地通过微生物发酵产油脂,采用复合酶对餐厨垃圾进行水解预处理研究。研究结果表明,复合酶中淀粉酶、糖化酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶投加量分别为92.5,1 250,3 000,100活力/g原料时,效果最优;其水解产物中氨基酸态氮浓度为137.7mg/L,还原糖的质量百分比含量为11.11%。在复合酶各组分投加量一定时,水解效果受pH值、温度和水解时间影响。试验结果表明,pH值为6、温度为55℃、水解时间为30min时,水解效率最高;在最佳水解条件下,每升水解液经从土壤筛选分离的菌种B发酵7d后,生物产量36.9g,微生物油脂产量5.172g。     

从餐厨垃圾制取乳酸的研究进展

餐厨垃圾是生活垃圾中最主要的一种,其有机质含量十分丰富,容易被微生物利用。从餐厨垃圾制取乳酸的技术被认为是最有发展前景的废弃物资源化技术之一。本文综述了国内外餐厨垃圾制取乳酸的微生物学机理、工艺条件及影响因素方面的研究进展,并提出将来餐厨垃圾制取乳酸技术研究的发展方向。     

餐厨垃圾高效好氧堆肥过程参数的影响因素研究

为了考察环境温度、初始含水率、通风量和填料量等因素对餐厨垃圾堆肥进程的影响,分别选用3组卧式反应器进行了4因素3水平完全试验和正交试验,对堆料温度、水溶性COD和pH值等餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥过程参数在不同条件下的变化规律进行了研究.结果表明:环境温度、通风量、初始含水率和填料量等不同影响因素对餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥过程均具有显著影响.环境温度、通风量、含水率和填料量等4因素对堆肥减量化率的影响显著性顺序为含水率>环境温度>填料量>通风量.     

福州市餐厨垃圾主要成分与资源化利用可行性分析

对福州市不同类型的餐厨垃圾的主要的成分进行了研究,探讨了各特性指标对处理处置技术的影响.结果显示,福州市餐厨垃圾的pH值在3.24~5.81,呈弱酸性;有机质含量高,含水率在70%以上,碳与氮质量比在11~23之间,原料盐分含量0.56%~2.31%、总磷0.06%~0.10%、蛋白质含量在12.41%~27.39%,表明福州市餐厨垃圾适合用厌氧发酵法进行资源化利用.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.