菊芋的酶降解及其综合利用

菊芋富含菊粉,菊粉经菊粉酶一步酶解,可生产高果糖浆．报道了菊芋发酵生产菊粉酶、高果糖浆、酒精等研究结果,国内外研究进展以及酶解产物的综合利用．经诱变选育出的高产突变株ＡＬ１５４ 菊粉酶的活力达１４６ ．３ μ／ｍＬ,比出发株提高近３ 倍,菊粉酶酶解菊芋提取液的最适工艺条件为：ｐＨ５ ．０ ,６０ ℃,底物总糖浓度１０％ ～２０ ％ ,酶用量３ ．０ μ／ｇ菊糖,酶解时间１０ ｈ ,底物降解率达９７ ．２ ％ ,酶解产物中果糖占总糖的８６ ．１ ％ ．     

黑曲霉AJ1958菊粉酶的产生和性质

从菊芋根际土壤中分离出一株菊粉酶（ＩｎｕｌｉｎａｓｅＥ．Ｃ．３．２．１．７）产生菌，经物理和化学诱变得高酶活黑曲霉突变株ＡＪ１９５８．该菌株在培养基（０．０７ｇ／ｍＬ菊芋提取液１０００ｍＬ，豆饼粉５ｇ，麸皮５ｇ，ＫＣＩ０．７ｇ，ＦｅＳＯ４·７Ｈ２Ｏ０．０１ｇ，ＭｇＳＯ４·７Ｈ２Ｏ０．５ｇ，ＰＨ５．０）中，于３０℃振荡培养３ｄ，酶活力可达６４μｍｏｌ·ｍｉｎ－１．酶水解反应的最适ＰＨ为３．０～４．０，最适温度为６０℃，在ＰＨ２．５～５．５的范围内和７５℃以下较稳定．适宜条件下，１０ｈ内０．０５ｇ／ｍＬ的菊粉溶液中之底物几乎１００％被酶水解．产物糖中果糖质量分数为９３％，葡萄糖质量分数为５．６％．该突变株产生的菊粉酶具有较满意的水解性和热稳定性．     

克鲁维酵母Y－85菊粉酶的研究

菊粉酶产生菌株─—克鲁维酵母Ｙ－８５在１５Ｌ罐中进行产酶发酵，培养２４ｈ，发酵液中菊粉酶的总活力可达１０３２ｕ／ｍｌ，其中胞壁酶活７６８ｕ／ｍｌ，占总酶活的７４％。用含半胱氨酸的缓冲液提取胞壁酶，酶的回收率达８８％，比活力可达１００８ｕ／ｍｇ．酶作用于菊糖的最适ｐＨ为４．５，最适温度为５０℃，在５０℃以下和ｐＨ４～８稳定，金属离子Ａｇ￣＋、Ｈｇ￣（２＋）对酶有强烈的抑制作用，ＰＣＭＢ对酶也有明显的抑制作用。该酶可水解菊糖，棉子糖和蔗糖等多种底物，能快速将菊芋抽提液中的菊糖水解成果糖，适合用于以菊芋为原料的高果糖浆生产。     

真菌转化菊糖生产低聚果糖的研究

研究了真菌黑曲霉（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓ ｎｉｇｅｒ）Ａ９７转化菊糖生产果糖的适当条件,结果表明：发酵初始ｐＨ为５．５￣６．０,菊糖浓度为２％,接种量５％,控制前期发酵温度为２８￣３３℃,３６ｈ后发酵温度为３２￣３３℃,发酵周期为４２ｈ左右,最高产酶达２５４．７μ／ｍｌ,在１０Ｌ自控发酵罐中,产酶达到同样水平。产品总还原糖含量６８％,其中果糖９５％,葡萄糖５％。     

灵芝深层培养工艺的研究

为了提高发酵终了时灵芝菌丝浓度以获取高等真菌多糖，对灵芝ＡＳ．５．６５的深层培养工艺进行了研究。确定了最适发酵条件为：５％玉米淀粉、０．３％玉米浆、１％豆饼粉、０．６％糖蜜、０．１５％ＫＨ２ＰＯ４、０．０７５％ＭｇＳＯ４·７Ｈ２Ｏ，ｐＨ５．５～６．０，温度２８℃，摇床转速１５０ｒ／ｍｉｎ，摇瓶种子培养３ｄ接种。接种量５％、装液量５０ｍＬ，培养５～６ｄ可终止发酵。最终菌体干重可达２７．５ｇ／Ｌ、含粗多糖２．６ｇ／Ｌ。     

克鲁维酵母y－85菊粉酶水解菊粉的研究及其中试

克鲁维酵母（Ｋｌｕｖｅｒｏｍｙｃｅｓｓｐ．）Ｙ－８５在菊粉提取液培养基中生长产菊粉酶，其细胞和胞外的菊粉酶活力分别约占菊粉酶总活力的７６％和２４％．试验中以酶发酵液作酶液．该酶的Ｓ／Ｉ值为１５．２．酶液在５０，５５和６０℃下保温１ｈ，活力分别残留１００％，９６％和６５％；在８℃下放置７ｄ，１４ｄ，酶活力分别残留９８％和９６％．在ｐＨ３．６～７．０内，酶活性十分稳定．５ｍｍｏｌＬ－半胱氨酸和Ｆｅ＋２分别可使酶活力提高１０．４％和４１．２％．ｙ－８５菊粉酶水解菊粉的适宜条件是：底物为总糖浓度１０％～１５％菊粉提取液，ｐＨ５．０，温度为５５℃，酶用量为底物每克糖加酶８００ｕ（以蔗糖为底物测酶活力）或２６．３ｕ（以菊糖为底物测酶活力）、搅拌酶解６ｈ．在上述条件上，底物降解率最高可达９８．５％．酶解液中，果糖占总还原糖量的８５％．用１１００Ｌ罐进行酶解中试，５批试验，底物降解率平均达９４．２％．     

产胞外木聚糖酶青霉菌发酵条件的正交设计试验

正交设计试验结果表明,青霉菌（Ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍ ｓｐ．ｍ８） 胞外木聚糖酶活力达９２．９６ Ｕ／ｍＬ,合适的产酶发酵条件为：培养基（ｇ／Ｌ）,麦草粉４０,（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４ ４．４４,ＫＨ２ＰＯ４ １．０,ＭｇＳＯ４ ·７Ｈ２Ｏ０．５,ＮａＣｌ０．３,Ｔｗｅｅｎ ８０ ３．０,ＣａＣＯ３ １．０;每亳升培养基接种２．０×１０５ 个孢子,２８ ℃,水浴振荡培养４ ｄ（１２０ｒ／ｍｉｎ）。     

燃烧合成氮化硅的动力学分析

用２种方法研究了燃烧合成氮化硅的动力学,Ｓｉ３Ｎ４的燃烧波蔓延速度为０．０９７－０．１３ｃｍ．ｓ＾－１,燃烧区宽度为０．５４ｃｍ,用燃烧波速法测得其激活能为７５．４ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ确定了不同燃烧时间的反应转化率和转化程度,并据此计算出燃烧合成Ｓｉ３Ｎ４的激活能烽５４．３ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ,２种方法计算的激活能数值相差约３０％,说明燃烧合成氮化硅过程存在明显的后燃烧现象,随稀释剂质量分数的增加,最高燃烧温度降     

机械活化苏打溶液分解白钨中矿试验研究

在投矿量为２００ｇ／次和１ｋｇ／次的规模下，进行了机械活化苏打溶液分解柿竹园白钨中矿的试验研究。结果表明，在苏打用量为理论量３倍、１８５～１９５℃保温１．５ｈ的条件下，连续２０次分解，渣含不溶ＷＯ＿３平均为０．２５％，钨平均分解率为９８．６％；在苏打用量为理论量２．５倍、２０５℃保温１．０ｈ的条件下，钨分解率为９８．４％。５ｋｇ／次规模下试验结果表明，钨分解率可达９８．３％。     

激光复合诱变黑曲霉原生质体选育热稳定菊粉酶高产菌

以菊粉酶产生菌黑曲霉ＡＳ－４原生质体为对象,经激光和亚硝基胍复合诱变,从大量突变株中最终选育出高产热稳定的菊粉酶产生菌ＡＬ－１５４．在以菊芋提取液为碳源、玉米浆加０．３％酵母膏为氮源的基本培养基中,菊粉酶活力达１４６．３ｕ／ｍＬ,比出发株提高近３倍．其产酶最适营养条件为：起始ｐＨ４．５～５．０,２８～３０℃,３６ｈ时产酶量达最高．酶作用最适条件为ｐＨ５．０,６０℃;该酶遗传性能稳定,热稳定性强,６０℃保温处理２ｈ,其酶活性不变,６５℃保温３０ｍｉｎ,仍保留９８％的初始酶活     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the