前言

青藏高原是世界上最高的高原,它的隆升是新生代一个极其重要的地质事件。青藏高原不但是理解陆陆碰撞理论的天然实验室,而且它的隆升对全球新生代气候和环境变化起着极其重要的影响,尤其是对亚洲地区气候变化、环境变化、自然格局形成演化,以及中东亚文明演进和社会发展均产生了重大影响。青藏高原隆升及其环境效应研究已成为国际多学科关注的研究热点,也是中国科学家发挥作用的理想天然实验场。李吉均院士在青藏高原隆升及其环境效应、中国大江大河水系和地貌格局演化、青藏高原现代冰川发育和东部第四纪古冰川,以及西部地区地理建设和地理学人才培养方面做出了卓越贡献。在恰逢李吉均院士八十华诞之际,由兰州大学西部环境教育部重点实验室、西部环境与气候变化研究院、资源环境学院和南京师范大学地理科学学院发起组织的     

黄土高原朝那剖面风尘堆积序列磁化率的古环境意义

黄土高原中部连续的风尘堆积黄土-红粘土序列,蕴含着东亚季风演化与高原隆升等重要的古气候与构造信息.结合已有的古地磁年代,根据磁化率的变化特征对黄土高原中部朝那黄土-红粘土剖面记录的古环境变化进行了划分,共划分I(8.1～5.6 MaBP)东亚季风的初显期、Ⅱ(5.6～4.8 MaBP)东亚夏季风开始增强期、Ⅲ(4.8～...     

青藏高原隆升阶段性

 青藏高原的隆升不仅是印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞导致的地球内部岩石圈地球动力学作用过程的结果,并且对全球和亚洲气候变化、亚洲地貌和地表环境过程及大量地内和地表矿产资源的形成分布产生了深刻影响。因而研究高原隆升的历史不仅对解决上述重大科学问题提供重要途径,而且可为高原区域资源环境的开发和可持续发展提供理论依据。简要回顾和梳理了国内外近年来,围绕青藏高原隆升所取得的主要进展。研究表明新生代青藏高原经历了多阶段、多幕次、准同步异幅且高原南北后期加速隆升的演化过程。具体可划分为55~30、25~10及8~0 Ma 3个主要生长隆升期次。其中55~30 Ma的高原早期隆升,主要集中在高原中南部的拉萨地块和羌塘地块,并且可能隆升到接近3 km高度,或甚至更高,有人称之为“原西藏高原”,但其周缘存在准同步异幅的变形隆升响应;25~10 Ma的中期隆升,“原西藏高原”南北缘的喜马拉雅山和可可西里-昆仑山开始强烈隆升,“原西藏高原”率先隆升到目前高度并开始向东西两侧挤出物质、拉张形成南北向裂谷,高原北缘普遍产生广泛变形隆升但幅度有限;从约8 Ma开始的晚期隆升,高原南、北部边缘的喜马拉雅山和昆仑山-西秦岭以北的高原东北部隆升显著加速,经历一系列短暂快速的多幕次构造变形和生长隆升,最终形成现今高原面貌。     

中国西部干旱区沙漠形成演化概述Ⅱ

探讨中国西部沙漠形成演化的驱动机制,其演化模式为"隆升-河湖-沙漠",其物源包括河流冲积物、冲积-湖积物、洪积-冲积物以及基岩的残积坡积物等。沙漠的形成与扩张可能受青藏高原隆升、北极冰盖的演化、特提斯洋消亡的共同影响,其与沙漠的形成和扩张之间的动力过程目前虽然不甚明了,但在时间上却有着较好的同步性,具体体现在8～7、5.3、3.6～3.4、2.5、0.8～0.6、0.15Ma这6个阶段。对亚洲内陆干旱化与青藏高原隆升、北极冰盖演化、特提斯消亡的时空耦合关系和动力机制建立了初步的概念模型。     

"昆仑-黄河运动"与我国自然地理格局的形成

"昆仑-黄河运动"是发生在早、中更新世之交的一次强烈的构造运动.这次构造运动不仅影响到了整个青藏高原,把高原面抬升至3000～3500 m,局部地区的山地上升到4500～5000 m的高度,导致青藏高原进入冰冻圈,而且影响大气环流型式,形成了东亚季风的现代格局.冬季风加强和夏委风减弱使得我国北方干旱化加剧,沙漠面积扩大,湖泊消退,亚热带植物从秦岭以北南撤到南方,而且使得黄土堆积范围得到扩展,黄土堆积速度加快.这次构造运动后基本形成了我国自然地理的现代格局.     

青藏高原隆升综合研究

从证据、机制及模型模拟三个方面的研究成果系统研究了青藏高原隆升的有关问题 ,认为 :高原隆升具有多阶段、多因素、不均速及整体隆升与局部隆升相叠合的特点 :青藏地区有稳定的冬季风存在时 (7 2MaBP) ,高原的整体高度应该已经达到 2 0 0 0m以上 ,在上新世末期高度已经达到 30 0 0m左右的高度 ;研究争论较多的 7 2MaBP前后的气候突变事件 ,甄别全球变冷与高原隆升对气候变化的影响 ,是能否正确认识高原隆升过程的关键 ;高原隆升的证据、机制研究还需要不断完善和充实 ,数值模拟和模型模拟对正确认识高原隆升研究意义重大 ,还需不断努力和探索 .     

唐古拉山北坡河流阶地发育及其与构造隆升的关系

唐古拉山是青藏高原腹地中最大、最具代表性的山脉,唐古拉山北坡发育着一系列河流阶地,该地区河流阶地的成因分析表明:构造隆升控制了唐古拉山北坡河流阶地的形成与发展,因而该地区河流下切速率对唐古拉山的隆升具有一定的指示意义.在实测的基础上,根据阶地的拔河高度、形成年代等数据,定量计算唐古拉山北坡不同河流不同时期的下切速率,从而为唐古拉山的隆升研究提供科学依据.结果表明:唐古拉山自西向东隆升速率逐渐增大,同一地点由老到新隆升速率逐渐减小.进而得出:青藏高原腹地山脉的隆升速率、隆升变化趋势与青藏高原边缘山地明显不同.     

青藏高原通天河盆地五道梁组介形虫壳体Mg/Ca和Sr/Ca地球化学特征及古环境意义

中新世早期青藏高原腹地曾经发育了面积巨大的古大湖,此时恰逢青藏高原的快速隆升关键时期.为研究高原腹地在此期间环境的演化,对五道梁组中介形虫壳体的Mg/Ca 和Sr/Ca的值进行了测试.通天河盆地五道梁组地层中的介形虫壳体的Mg/Ca 和Sr/Ca数值的特征,结合剖面岩性特征,反映了23.8～21.8 Ma前该湖泊区域气候由湿润-干旱-暖湿的演化趋势.其气候的变化可能是此时期青藏高原从快速隆升到剥蚀夷平后高原北部构造隆升活动的结果.该研究为进一步了解青藏高原腹地的古环境探索了一条新的途径.     

三峡地区极短周期内剥蚀速率、下切速率及地表隆升速率对比研究

通过河流输沙量计算出三峡地区短周期的剥蚀速率为0.084 mm/a,将剥蚀速率、下切速率以及隆升速率对比研究,确定了长江流域三峡段极短周期内下切速率与地表隆升速率之间的线性关系,并得出侵蚀基准面及气候变化的约束系数大约是0.4.基于前人对三峡地区一级阶地的数据,计算出一级阶地的下切速率约为3.025 mm/a.现代地壳变形测量和GPS测量结果,发现黄陵穹隆现今地表相对于周边地区其地表隆升速率最大可达5～10 mm/a.取其平均值7.5 mm/a作为三峡地区极短周期的地表隆升速率,对比分析三峡地区剥蚀速率、下切速率与隆升速率,结果该区隆升速率大于剥蚀速率,大约是剥蚀速率的89倍;下切速率也大于剥蚀速率,大约是剥蚀速率的36倍;隆升速率同样大于下切速率,大约是下切速率的2.5倍.三峡地区隆升大于剥蚀,也大于下切速率,三峡地区地表仍然在不断地升高;而地表剥蚀速率小于下切速率,地表切割进一步加深,因此地貌出现高低起伏、山高谷深的形态,并有进一步加剧的趋势.     

福建省侏罗纪-白垩纪花岗岩角闪石-斜长石矿物温压计的地质意义

应用电子探针分析和角闪石-斜长石温压计,得出闽西南构造带出露于地表不同时期花岗岩的结晶压力分别为早侏罗世花岗岩431.3 MPa、晚侏罗世花岗岩187.2MPa、早白垩世花岗岩108.3 MPa,对应的花岗岩结晶深度分别为16 km,7 km,4 km;闽东构造带出露于地表的不同时期花岗岩结晶压力分别为晚侏罗世花岗岩186.8 MPa、早白垩世花岗岩89.5MPa,对应的花岗岩结晶深度分别为7 km,3 km.结果表明,闽东构造带与闽西南构造带侏罗纪以来的差异隆升作用不明显;同时得出研究区中晚侏罗世(175.6～ 145.5 Ma)的隆升剥露幅度约为9 km,对应的地壳隆升速率约为300 m/Ma;早白垩世(145.5～99.6 Ma)的隆升剥露幅度约为3～4 km,对应的地壳隆升速率约为65～87 m/Ma;晚白垩世以来(99.6 ～0Ma)的隆升剥露幅度约为3～4 km,对应的地壳隆升速率约为30 ～40 m/Ma,显示侏罗纪以来地壳隆升剥露幅度和隆升速率逐渐减小的规律,这对东南沿海中新生代构造演化研究提供了重要新资料.     

Uplift processes for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: A comparative study of Yecheng section and Siwalik group

Comparative studies of the Yecheng section at the northern piedmont of the Kunlun Mountain, and the Surai Khola section at the southern piedmont of the Himalayan Mountain, indicates that the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is dominated by continuous uplift over the past 10 Ma. And the effective time scale for dividing the uplift stages would be 1 Ma. The uplift processes of the entire plateau can be divided mainly into three stages, i.e., a slow uplift stage (10.0-6.0 MaBP), a transitional uplift stage (6.0-2.5 MaBP) and a rapid uplift stage (since 2.5 MaBP). The plateau might have risen to 2000 m above sea level by 4.6 MaBP in response to uplift and to more than 3000 m by 2.5 MaBP.     

Stepwise advance of the Mu Us Desert since late Pliocene: Evidence from a red clay-loess record

Analyses of paleomagnetic polarity reversals, magnetic susceptibility and grain size on the red clay-loess sequence, about 280 m thick, at Jingbian show that this sequence contains most of the stratigraphic units recorded in the standard red clay-loess sections of the Loess Plateau over the past 3.5 Ma. Using sand particle percentage ( > 63 μm%) of the eolian sequence as a proxy indicator of desert extent and aridity in the dust source regions, it is found that during the past 3.5 Ma, there are three important climatic events indicating the advance of the Mu Us Desert. The events occurred at about 2.6, 1.1 and 0.6 MaBP, respectively. The stepwise advance of the Mu Us Desert may be linked closely to increase in global ice volume and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau in the late Cenozoic.     

Evolution of the East Asian monsoon and its response to uplift of the Tibetan Plateau since 1.8 Ma recorded by major elements in sediments of the South China Sea

Evolution of the East Asian monsoon and its response to uplift of the Tibetan Plateau has been investigated in the study of global change. Core sediment samples drilled in the South China Sea during ODP Leg184 are the best materials for studying long-term variability of the East Asian monsoon. R-mode factor analysis of major elements in the fine grain-sized carbonate-free sediments (<4 μm) of the upper 185 mcd splice of ODP Site 1146 drilled during Leg184 in the South China Sea shows that Ti, TFe2O3, MgO, K2O, P, CaO, and Al2O3 are representative of a terrestrial factor. The variation in the terrestrial factor score is subject to chemical erosion in the source region and thus indicates the evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon. The terrestrial factor score has three stepwise decreases at ~1.3 Ma, ~0.9 Ma, and ~0.6 Ma, indicating the phased weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon is related to wholly stepwise, quick uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau since 1.8 Ma. The periodic fluctuation of the terrestrial factor score since ~0.6 Ma indicates that the glacial-interglacial cycles have been the main force driving the evolution of the East Asian monsoon. As in the case of Chinese loess, the long-term evolution of the East Asian monsoon recorded in sediments of the South China Sea reflects a coupled effect of the glacial-interglacial cycle and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.     

Magnetostratigraphy of Late Tertiary sediments from the Chinese Loess Plateau and its paleoclimatic significance

The Late Tertiary red clay/bed sediments underlying the Quaternary loess-paleosol in the Chinese Loess Plateau possesses high-resolution paleoclimatic changes related to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Magnetostratigra-phy and susceptibility measurements are discussed in this paper. The paleomagnetic results show that the red clay/bed began to accumulate at about 8.1 Ma, which represents the oldest Late Tertiary deposit continuously in the central Loess Plateau. The magnetic susceptibility curves show stepwise increases since the initiation of red clay, superimposed on several peaks. Moreover, the magnetic susceptibility increased abruptly since 3.8 Ma, which probably indicates the inception of the modern East Asia monsoon system. Between 3.8 and 2.6 Ma, the stepwise increases of susceptibility may imply progressively intensified East Asia summer monsoon activity related with the stepwise uplift process of the Tibetan Plateau.     

Development of a pediment on western slopes of Liupan Mountain related to the Neotectonic Uplift

The late Cenozoic uplift of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau plays an important role in adjacent geomorphic evolution and depositional environments. Liupan Mountain, located at the northeast margin of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, has different landforms on the east and west sides. Recently, a pediment, which lies above the highest terrace of the Yellow River at the northeast edge of Longzhong Basin, has been described. The paleomagnetic measurements indicate that the pediment had developed at least 1.8 MaBP and its age is in accordance with that of the peneplains near Lanzhou and Linxia, in the southwest of Longzhong Basin. The results suggest that the Longzhong Basin lying to the west of Liupan Mountain had been subject to erosion and developed an extensive pediment; this pediment is named the Gansu Period Peneplain. It also indicates that Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and Liupan Mountain were uplifted strongly at that time, which caused not only the end of pediplanation but also Yellow River appearance and loess accumulation.     

临夏盆地1.95MaBP的气候转型事件与青藏高原隆升作用于大气的临界高度

湖相地层孢粉分析的结果表明，临夏盆地在1．95MaB．P．前后发生过一次重要的气候转型事件。在此之前，南海热带季风信号在地层记录中存在较强的表现，在此之后热带季风信号减弱而高纬冰盖信号加强。CaCO3指标的周期分析同样表明，在1．95MaBP前后确实出现了气候的主导周期转型，在此之前，气候变化周期以类岁差的25kyr周期为主，而在此之后，以类倾角的38kyr周期为主。发生在临夏盆地1．95MaBP的这次气候转型事件表明青藏高原地面在当时隆升到一个可以改变周围地区大气环流的临界高度，如果以青藏高原在2．6MaB．P．- 0．6MaB．P．的平均抬升速率推算，这一临界高度可能在2500m左右。     

Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and environmental changes

Major progress, problems, and challenges of recent investigation of the Tibetan Plateau uplift processes and resulting environmental changes are reviewed and summarized briefly, which especially covers the National Tibetan Research Projects of the Chinese Eighth (1992-1996) and Ninth (1997-2001) "Five-Year Projects". The Tibetan Plateau uplift is a complicated multiple cyclic process. The Gangdise and Himalayas began to uplift in the Middle Eocene and Early Miocene respectively, while the main part of the Plateau merely underwent corresponding passive deformation and secular denudation, resulting in two planation surfaces. The third and also the strongest uplift involved the whole Plateau and its marginal mountains commenced at 3.6 Ma. Successive Kunlun-Huanghe movement at 1.1-0.6 Ma and Gonghe movement at 0.15 Ma raised the Plateau to its present height. The Asian monsoonal system and Asian natural environment formed in response to these tectonic uplifts.     

青藏高原上空对流云特征的初步分析

利用常规地面观测资料、高空资料以及卫星云图资料,通过2010年7月与2011年7月的云图对青藏高原及周边地区对流云和中尺度对流系统的活动进行初步研究,分析了青藏高原上空对流云的特征.结果表明:①青藏高原上的对流过程是在特定的环流背景下受西风带500 hPa低槽、700 hPa切变线、850 hPa低涡以及地面图上中尺度低涡和地面静止锋的共同影响造成的;②对流云产生不仅与水汽条件有关,还与不稳定层结条件和抬升力条件即触发机制有关;③对流云的发生发展具有明显的日变化.     

青藏高原：全球气候变化的驱动机与放大器──Ⅲ．青藏高原隆起对气候变化的影响

新生代出现的几次重大气候变化事件与青藏高原形成过程中经历的几次强烈构造运动在发生年代上的良好对应关系表明两者存在紧密的联系．或许正是青藏高原的隆起导致了气候的巨大变化和现代东亚季风的形成及加强．高大的高原对大气系统有两个重要影响，热力作用和动力作用．它们在亚洲冬季形成蒙古高压、夏季形成印度低压，从而导致东亚季风出现．青藏高原越高，其对大气的作用越显著，形成的蒙古高压、印度低压和东亚季风越强大．因此，东亚季风的形成和加强是青藏高原隆起的结果．东亚季风的加强和高原动力作用使西风带波动增加，造成冰期极地冷空气不断南侵、气候波动变大．青藏高原抬升和季风造成的化学风化增强还使大气ＣＯ２含量降低、气候变冷．因此，青藏高原隆起是控制新生代气候变化的重要因素．