早更新世甘肃省临夏盆地的环境演化

以孢粉分析为主,结合ω(CaCO3),c(Cl-)和粒度指标,建立了临夏盆地早更新世的环境演化序列.临夏盆地早更新世环境演化大致经历了干(2.50～1.91 Ma)-湿(1.91～1.80 Ma)-干(1.80～1.76 Ma)三个阶段,其中在1.89～1.87 Ma期间云杉孢粉含量占绝对主导地位(77.8%～89.4%),是临夏盆地早更新世气候最湿润期.通过将孢粉资料同北大西洋深海底栖有孔虫氧同位素曲线和南海浮游有孔虫氧同位素曲线对比以及孢粉波谱分析发现,1.95 Ma前后是临夏盆地气候转型的重要时期.在此之前,气候变化主要受热带季风控制,之后受高纬冰盖变化的驱动.根据前人相关研究结果推测,青藏高原在早更新世的强烈隆升可能是造成这一气候转型的原因之一.     

甘肃临夏盆地8～6 MaBP的构造变化

甘肃临夏盆地毛沟剖面上半部高精密度古地磁测年结果表明该剖面磁极性年龄为4.34～13.07 MaBP,其中东乡组、柳树组与何王家组的年龄分别为13.07～7.8 Ma,7.8～6.4 Ma和6.40～4.34 MaBP.该测年结果与文献[1]测得的结果基本一致.临夏盆地6.40～6.16 MaBP湖泊沉积环境突变,8 MaBP左右毛沟剖面地层磁偏角发生明显偏转,盆地中王家山剖面银川沟背斜大约在6 MaBP左右发生倾斜与变形,这表明临夏盆地8～6 MaBP经历了一次强烈的构造运动.     

青藏高原：全球气候变化的驱动机与放大器──Ⅲ．青藏高原隆起对气候变化的影响

新生代出现的几次重大气候变化事件与青藏高原形成过程中经历的几次强烈构造运动在发生年代上的良好对应关系表明两者存在紧密的联系．或许正是青藏高原的隆起导致了气候的巨大变化和现代东亚季风的形成及加强．高大的高原对大气系统有两个重要影响，热力作用和动力作用．它们在亚洲冬季形成蒙古高压、夏季形成印度低压，从而导致东亚季风出现．青藏高原越高，其对大气的作用越显著，形成的蒙古高压、印度低压和东亚季风越强大．因此，东亚季风的形成和加强是青藏高原隆起的结果．东亚季风的加强和高原动力作用使西风带波动增加，造成冰期极地冷空气不断南侵、气候波动变大．青藏高原抬升和季风造成的化学风化增强还使大气ＣＯ２含量降低、气候变冷．因此，青藏高原隆起是控制新生代气候变化的重要因素．     

青藏高原：全球气候变化的驱动机与放大器──Ⅰ 新生代气候变化的基本特征

除周期性气候波动外，新生代气候变化的基本特征是阶梯状气候变冷、波动幅度的不断增加和气候波动周期的转变。深海氧同位素记录表明新生代曾发生至少三次快速变冷事件，它们分别发生在３６，１５和２．４ＭａＢＰ前后。根据来自北大西洋的深海氧同位素记录，第四纪气候变化的趋势是波动幅度增加、频率降低。Ｂ／Ｍ界限附近，气候波动周期由４１ｋａ转变为１００ｋａ。黄土高原上黄土地层与磁化率研究揭示，现代东亚季风出现于２．４Ｍａ前，并于１．１和０．６ＭａＢＰ前后两度加强，现在的季风环流形势形成于０．６ＭａＢＰ，米兰柯维奇理论不能解释上述新生代气候的阶梯状变冷、第四纪气候的阶段性和东亚季风的形成及加强，因此除轨道因素外，还有别的因素控制气候变化。     

青藏高原隆升综合研究

从证据、机制及模型模拟三个方面的研究成果系统研究了青藏高原隆升的有关问题 ,认为 :高原隆升具有多阶段、多因素、不均速及整体隆升与局部隆升相叠合的特点 :青藏地区有稳定的冬季风存在时 (7 2MaBP) ,高原的整体高度应该已经达到 2 0 0 0m以上 ,在上新世末期高度已经达到 30 0 0m左右的高度 ;研究争论较多的 7 2MaBP前后的气候突变事件 ,甄别全球变冷与高原隆升对气候变化的影响 ,是能否正确认识高原隆升过程的关键 ;高原隆升的证据、机制研究还需要不断完善和充实 ,数值模拟和模型模拟对正确认识高原隆升研究意义重大 ,还需不断努力和探索 .     

论季风的形成及其本质

季风是个全球性的环流系统,热带辐合带的季节性迁移是季风环流形成的根本原因.青藏高原的巨地形作用是亚洲季风强盛的关键因素.季风在本质上是能量传递与水文循环过程,在全球能量平衡和水量平衡方面起着重要作用.加强季风研究,尤其是加强低纬过程与青藏高原隆升对季风形成过程与机理方面的研究对我国洪涝和干旱等灾害性气候的预测与预防工作具有十分重要的意义.     

苏北盆地兴化1#钻孔的沉积物粒度特征及其古环境意义

选取苏北盆地兴化1#钻孔，通过对其剖面3MaB．P．以来的沉积物进行岩性描述及粒度特征的研究，探讨了此岩芯剖面沉积环境的演变过程．结果表明，该岩芯垂直剖面沉积物颗粒基本构成是以粘土、粉砂、砂为主，沉积环境变化频繁．根据粒度参数特征所反映的沉积环境意义，划分出6个沉积阶段，在深度350～296．1m，为河湖交替相沉积环境；296．1～254．1m，为湖泊相沉积环境；254．1～230．1m，为河流相沉积环境；230．1～156．2m，为浅湖相沉积环境；156．2～102．8m，为湖滨相沉积环境；102．8～0m，为湖沼相沉积环境，从而揭示了苏北盆地兴化1#钻孔3MaB．P．以来的沉积环境的演变过程．此外，还记录到2．26～2．16MaB．P．，0．9MaB．P．两次季风气候性质上的巨变．     

宁夏海原园河最高基座阶地的古地磁测年

宁夏海原园河位于青藏高原的东北缘，穿越强烈活动的香山一天景山和海原断裂带，两断裂带均具有规模大、挤压变形强、左旋走滑量大和发震强度大等显著特点。通过野外对园河阶地沉积及上覆黄土一古土壤系列的取样，古地磁开放实验室的超导磁力仪测试，并与古土壤进行了对比，确定了园河最高阶地的B／M界限、贾拉米洛事件和古地磁年龄为1．04MaB．P．。结合园河最老基座阶地古地磁测年结果和阶地距现代河流西岸距离为7km，固可得海原断裂带自早更新世晚期以来平均水平走滑速率为6．73mm／a。T6开始发育的时间是1．04MaB．P．，并推测T5上、下限时间为0．593—0．146MaB．P．，时代为中更新世（布容期）；T4形成时代属晚更新世，时间为146—49KaB．P．。由此推断早更新世晚期以来海原断裂带是以左旋走滑为主，1．04Ma可能是海原山前断裂带活动的转折点。自11．04Ma以来，园河开始形成了一系列基座阶地，反映海原断裂带北盘在向西运动同时，至少还发生了阶段性的抬升，形成了园河的三级基座阶地。     

新仙女木事件内部百年尺度弱季风事件的龙腑宫洞石笋记录

基于湖北省神农架龙腑宫洞一支石笋(LFG21)7个U/Th年龄和461组氧、碳同位素数据,建立了末次冰消期12.42~10.53 ka B.P.平均分辨率达3 a的亚洲夏季风强度演化序列.LFG21石笋δ~(18)O详细记录了新仙女木事件(YD)期间的季风突变细节,揭示了YD事件内部的不稳定性.在YD事件结构特征和转型模式上,石笋记录与格陵兰冰芯δ~(18)O记录具有良好的一致性,支持北高纬驱动机制以及高低纬之间的气候联系.其中,在~11.71 ka B.P.氧、碳同位素明显正偏,δ~(18)O从-8.6‰快速正偏至-7.9‰,δ~(13)C从-7.4‰快速正偏至-6.0‰,指示YD内部存在百年尺度的弱季风事件,持续时间为~200 a.这些特征与南京葫芦洞石笋δ~(18)O记录H1事件的内部结构和转型特征十分相似,暗示两者很可能受到同一驱动机制的影响.通过高、低纬地质资料的对比研究和波谱分析,本文认为YD内部百年尺度季风突变事件可能与热带大洋水汽输送变化导致的亚洲季风区水文循环异常以及太阳活动密切相关.     

南海夏季风强弱年青藏高原地区春季大气的低频振荡特征

利用NCEP／NCAR再分析资料和气象台站逐日地温、气温观测资料,通过带通滤波的方法对南海夏季风典型强弱年,青藏高原地区3—6月大气低频振荡信号分布和传播特征进行了分析研究．指出在春季青藏高原地区的高度场和纬向风场存在30-60d大气低频振荡、准双周和5—7d的大气振荡．揭示了在典型的南海夏季风强、弱年,200hPa,500hPa上低频振荡产生的位置,强度及传播特征各不相同．在典型强季风年份,高原北部形成低频振荡并向北传播;而在弱季风年份,高原地区的低频振荡具有原地振荡的显著特征．在强季风年,高原的非绝热加热削弱高原地区低频波,非绝热加热在高原以外的东西两侧中再现出来,与南北两支急流相联系．在弱季风年份,高原地区的非绝热加热起着加强高原地区低频波的作用;形成了以高原为中心的准南北方向上的振荡特征．     

临夏盆地晚中新世沉积物中赤铁矿和针铁矿的含量特征及其意义

利用对铁氧化物矿物灵敏的漫反射光谱法,对临夏盆地的黑林顶剖面(古地磁年代为11.8～5.0Ma)赤铁矿和针铁矿含量进行测定.结果表明:赤铁矿含量在8.6 Ma以前相对较高,在8.6 Ma以后骤然降低并稳定在一低值范围;针铁矿则没有明显的变化趋势,赤铁矿/针铁矿的变化则与赤铁矿的变化趋势一致;赤铁矿、针铁矿含量及其比值在该剖面的变化特征主要反映了8.6 Ma以来亚洲内陆干旱化的加剧,可能与青藏高原在该时期的剧烈隆升密切相关.     

蓬莱9-1潜山花岗岩油藏成藏时间的裂变径迹热年代学约束

油气藏成藏时间的确定一直是石油地质研究领域的难点。该文利用磷灰石裂变径迹测龄及温度-时间热史模拟技术探索了如何精确限定油气藏的成藏时间。从渤海蓬莱9-1潜山花岗岩储层裂缝带和基岩带分别获取2件磷灰石样品,根据磷灰石裂变径迹的长度、年龄和径迹分布,利用 AFT Solve 软件模拟获得了它们的温度-时间热史轨迹。2件样品相似的温度-时间热史轨迹表明,在3．8～2．6 Ma B．P．期间,由于受石油流体充注的影响,样品发生异常热扰动和温度突变,在3．2 Ma B．P．时期受扰动的温度达到最大。根据受异常热扰动的起始时间,确定蓬莱9-1潜山花岗岩石油充注时间为3．8～2．6 Ma B．P．,油气藏的主成藏期为3．2 Ma B．P．。     

Eolian sand deposition and its environmental significance in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

The dry climate which appeared about 8#x2013;7 Ma ago in South Asia has been interpreted as results of the intensification of Asian monsoon caused by the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau at its maximum altitude around that time. Whether it is or not, it is a critical problem. A total of 55 samples were taken from the Tertiary red earth and Quaternary lacustrine deposits and loess in the Linxia Basin which is located in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, for the analysis of quartz types and contents using electron probe microanalyzer. The results indicate that the eolian sands have existed since 15Ma and reached its maximum content at 8 and 6#x2013;5 Ma, respectively. This means that the climate was very dry during 8-5 Ma period in western China, which was regarded as the result of global climatic change at that time. Mean size of quartz sand grains was about 0.4 mm during 15#x2013;3.6/2.6 Ma period and dropped to 0.1–0.07 mm dramatically after 3.6–2.6 Ma. This demonstrates that the local eolian deposition was decreased significantly and even disappeared since Late Pliocene and was replaced by dust deposits from distal source, suggesting the uplift of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the change of air circulation after 3.6–2.6 Ma.     

Holocene palynological records and their responses to the controversies of climate system in the Shiyang River drainage basin

The Shiyang River drainage basin is located in the northwest margin of the Asian monsoon region. Previous studies reached different conclusions about Holocene climatic changes in the basin. Some studies suggested the Holocene climatic changes were mainly controlled by the Asian monsoon and that the climate was relatively humid during the early Holocene (11.6-7.1 cal ka BP). Other studies found the mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum (7.0-5.0 cal ka BP), and this climate condition was similar to the Holocene westerly wind pattern in arid Central Asia. The modern climate is affected by the Asian monsoon and westerly wind in the drainage basin, and the Holocene climatic records showed two different Holocene climatic patterns-a westerly wind pattern and monsoonal pattern. However, it remains unclear what caused the two different Holocene climatic patterns to co-exist in the region. The palynological records are the main evidence for the Holocene climatic changes in the basin. This paper focuses on palynological records for different parts of the drainage basin. Among them, QTH02, QTL-03 and Sanjiaocheng records are located in the terminal lake, and the Hongshuihe record is located in the middle reaches of the basin. In the terminal lake, the palynological records of QTH02 and QTL-03 are similar, but the Sanjiaocheng record differs. The difference is mainly affected by the variable pollen assemblages in the different locations of the lake basin. From comparison and synthesis of the four palynological records, we concluded that the millennial-scale Holocene climatic changes were affected by the combined effects of the Asian monsoon and westerly wind in the drainage basin, which show the complicated Holocene climatic pattern in the northwest margin of the Asian monsoon.     

Vegetation evolution and its response to climatic change during 3.15–0.67 Ma in deep-sea pollen record from northern South China Sea

In order to study vegetation evolution and environmental change during 3.15-0.67 Ma,a total of 608 pollen samples with an average time resolution of 4 ka has been analyzed from ODP Site 1145(water depth 3175 m),northern South China Sea.The deep-sea sediments(213.62-91.9 m) cover from 3.15 to 0.67 Ma based on micropaleonotological stratigraphy.The characteristic features of the pollen diagram include that,pollen influx rises twice obviously around 2.58 Ma and during 2.0-1.8 Ma,in response to global climatic cooling and winter monsoon enhancement.Before 2.58 Ma,tropical and subtropical vegetation,mainly evergreen Quercus(E) and Altingia,predominated around northern SCS with much more tropical montane conifers and ferns relatively.From 2.58 Ma,temperate vegetation increased obviously,implying climatic cooling and winter monsoon enhancement.Spectral analysis shows that percentage variation in tropical and subtropical taxa has a strong 20 ka procession cycle probably due to the summer monsoon;while pollen influx has 100,41 and 19 ka cycles,indicating the sea level and winter monsoon change response to the ice-sheet variations.     

北京西山清水河马兰台的形成时代与环境

从沉积学论证马兰阶地是气候阶地,关键在于进行砾石层的大筛分,马兰期砾石层9个样品和现代清水河河床16个样品大筛分的结果表明,马兰期砾石层属于冰缘气候条件下的河流沉积,根据顶部古土壤层和下部砂质粘土层的^14C测年数据,确定马兰期砾石层出露部分的堆积年代为距今30000－13000a B.P.,马兰阶地大约形成于11000a B.P..。     

川东北宋家洞石笋氧碳同位素及锶含量突变分析

通过对宋家洞石笋SJ3的氧碳同位素及锶含量进行Mann-Kendall test突变分析,得出以下结论:(1)氧同位素值记录了末次冰盛期向Heinrich Event 1时期的转变;(2)碳同位素值和锶含量记录了由H1冷期向BФlling-AllerФd暖期的转变;(3)碳同位素值和锶含量指示了在19.8～15.3ka时当地的东亚夏季风和冬季风呈正相关关系,在15.3～14.8 ka呈负相关关系,表明石笋SJ3记录了古气候环境的冷干、暖湿变化,且不同气候指标对环境变化的敏感度不同。     

Late Pleistocene／Holocene wetland events recorded in southeast Tengger Desert lake sediments, NW China

The area along the eastern and southeastern margins of the Tengger Desert, NW China, which is sensitive to the summer monsoon variations, was selected for studying the environmental conditions surrounding the transition between Paleolithic foragers and Neolithic farmer/pastoral-ists. Short cores were obtained from four lake basins in the southwestern Tengger using a hand-driven piston coringdevice. Proxies from these cores were supplemented by ra-diocarbon ages obtained from lake sediment cores, shoreline features and spring mound deposits. Together these records provide evidence of millennial-scale climate change eventsfrom the Pleistocene-Holocene transition to the present.Lake/wetland events, representing periods of more intensive summer monsoon, occur in the records at-12.7-11.6,-10.1, -9.3, -8.0, -5.4, -1.5, and -0.8 ka BP. They do suggest that century- to miliennial-seale climatic cycles are characteristic of the Holocene in the southeastern Tengger Desert although the chronology must be considered extremely tentative.     

Early onset and tropical forcing of 100,000-year Pleistocene glacial cycles

Between 1.5 and 0.6 Myr ago, the period of the Earth's glacial cycles changed from 41 kyr, the period of the Earth's obliquity cycles, to 100 kyr, the period of the Earth's orbital eccentricity, which has a much smaller effect on global insolation. The timing of this transition and its causes pose one of the most perplexing problems in palaeoclimate research. Here we use complex demodulation to examine the phase evolution of precession and semiprecession cycles--the latter of which are phase-coupled to both precession and eccentricity--in the tropical and extratropical Atlantic Ocean. We find that about 1.5 Myr ago, tropical semiprecession cycles (with periods of about 11.5 kyr) started to propagate to higher latitudes, coincident with a growing amplitude envelope of the 100-kyr cycles. Evidence from numerical models suggests that cycles of about 10 kyr in length may be required to explain the high amplitude of the 100-kyr cycles. Combining our results with consideration of a modern analogue, we conclude that increased heat flow across the equator or from the tropics to higher latitudes around 1.5 Myr ago strengthened the semiprecession cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, and triggered the transition to sustained 100-kyr glacial cycles.