Engineered polycaprolactone – magnesium hybrid biodegradable porous scaffold for bone tissue engineering

In this paper, we describe the fabrication of a new biodegradable porous scaffold composed of polycaprolactone(PCL) and magnesium(Mg)micro-particles. The compressive modulus of PCL porous scaffold was increased to at least 150% by incorporating 29% Mg particles with the porosity of 74% using Micro-CT analysis. Surprisingly, the compressive modulus of this scaffold was further increased to at least 236% when the silane-coupled Mg particles were added. In terms of cell viability, the scaffold modified with Mg particles significantly convinced the attachment and growth of osteoblasts as compared with the pure PCL scaffold. In addition, the hybrid scaffold was able to attract the formation of apatite layer over its surface after 7 days of immersion in normal culture medium, whereas it was not observed on the pure PCL scaffold. This in vitro result indicated the enhanced bioactivity of the modified scaffold. Moreover, enhanced bone forming ability was also observed in the rat model after 3 months of implantation. Though bony in-growth was found in all the implanted scaffolds. High volume of new bone formation could be found in the Mg/PCL hybrid scaffolds when compared to the pure PCL scaffold. Both pure PCL and Mg/PCL hybrid scaffolds were degraded after 3 months. However, no tissue inflammation was observed. In conclusion, these promising results suggested that the incorporation of Mg micro-particles into PCL porous scaffold could significantly enhance its mechanical and biological properties. This modified porous bio-scaffold may potentially apply in the surgical management of large bone defect fixation.     

Fabrication and characterization of a PAM modified PHBV/BG scaffold

In order to improve the bioactivity and mechanical strength of the scaffold used in bone repair simultaneously, a novel porous PAM-poly （β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate） （PHBV）/bioactive glass （BG） scaffold was prepared by photo-initiated polymerization. PAM was used to improve the hydrophilicity of PHBV matrix while the BG particles were added to increase the bioactivity and strength of the matrix synchronously. The grafted amide group and Si-O moieties from acrylamide and the added BG were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry （FTIR）. The micromorphology of the scaffolds before and after grafting was observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The resulting images demonstrate that the PAM-PHBV/BG scaffold has a well connected pore structure and appropriate pore size which may be convenient for cells to grow and discharge metabolites. The specific gravity method was used to evaluate the pore property of the scaffold and the result shows that the scaffold has an average porosity up to 82.0%. Mercury intrusion porosimetry （MIP） indicated that the pores of PAM-PHBV/BG scaffold were mainly distributed between 75 and 150 μm. The compressive strength test was adopted to evaluate the mechanical property of the scaffold. The result shows that the PAM-PHBV/BG scaffold has a relatively high compressive strength （0.91 MPa） when compared with the pure PHBV scaffold. Besides, the properties of the pure PHBV scaffold, PHBV/BG scaffold were also evaluated. The newly prepared PAM-PHBV/BG scaffold may be worthy of further studying as a bone repair material.     

磷酸钙与胶原双相多级仿生骨组织工程支架研究

磷酸钙与胶原是天然骨组织的重要组成成分,介绍了一种仿生设计磷酸钙与胶原双相复合的多级仿生骨组织支架.采用双氧水发泡技术精确定制磷酸钙支架孔结构,结合真空灌注胶原以及仿生矿化技术,构建磷酸钙,胶原双相多级仿生骨组织支架,材料的孔结构及化学组分可实现定制设计.通过对支架材料测试表征,结果显示,这种无机/有机/无机多级仿生支架材有良好的力学性能.材料的体外细胞实验结果证实,这种多级仿生支架材料具有良好的生物相容性.     

On Modeling Bio-Scaffolds: Structural and Fluid Transport Characterization Based on 3-D Imaging Data

Bio-scaffolds which are most commonly open celled porous structures are increasingly used for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. A number of studies have shown that the bulk properties of such irregular structures are poorly modeled using idealized unit cell approaches. The paper therefore uses novel image based meshing techniques to explore both fluid flow and bulk structural properties of a bone scaffold, as accurate modeling of bio-scaffolds with non-uniform cellular structures is very important for the development of optimal scaffolds for tissue engineering application. In this study, a porous hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) bone scaffold has been scanned in a Micro-CT scanner, and converted into a volumetric mesh using image processing software developed by the authors. The resulting mesh was then exported to commercial FEA and CFD solvers for analysis. Initial FEA and CFD studies have shown promising results and have highlighted the importance of accurate modeling to understand how microstructures influence the mechanical property of the scaffold, and to analyze flow regimes through the sample. The work highlights the potential use of image based meshing for the ad hoc characterization of scaffolds as well as for assisting in the design of scaffolds with tailored strength, stiffness, and transport properties.     

3D打印制备HA/PCL复合材料组织工程支架的研究

应用熔融沉积成型技术（FDM）制备羟基磷灰石（HA）/聚己内酯（PCL）组织工程支架,探讨其内部结构和力学性能。以羟基磷灰石和聚己内酯为原料,采用熔融共混技术分别制备HA质量分数为20%的nano-HA/PCL和micro-HA/PCL复合材料,使用自主研发的熔体微分FDM 3D打印机制备HA/PCL复合材料组织工程支架。通过显微镜观察发现,所制备的nano-HA/PCL和micro-HA/PCL组织工程支架具有均匀分布且相互连通的近似矩形的孔隙。nano-HA/PCL和micro-HA/PCL组织工程支架的断面图分析结果表明,nano-HA/PCL组织工程支架中HA粒子分布均匀,而micro-HA/PCL组织工程支架中HA粒子发生了团聚,导致nano-HA/PCL组织工程支架的拉伸强度和弯曲强度均高于micro-HA/PCL组织工程支架。因此,利用熔体微分FDM 3D打印机打印生物活性nano-HA/PCL复合材料组织工程支架在骨组织工程中具有潜在的应用前景。     

组织工程用聚乳酸梯度支架的制备及分形研究

采用改进的溶液浇铸/粒子沥滤工艺,将聚乳酸（PLLA）与致孔剂粒子粉碎后,制备了双层和多层孔径梯度变化的PLLA泡沫支架。扫描电镜观察表明,材料内部界面处存在一定的扩散现象,且界面处孔的连通性好,通过调整致孔剂粒子的粒径以及PLLA与致孔剂粒子的比例,可有效地调控支架的各项参数（材料大小、孔径、孔隙率）。对材料进行分形研究,表明梯度多孔支架内部无明显界面,孔径过渡平缓。     

A new bone repair scaffold combined with chitosan/ hydroxyapatite and sustained releasing icariin

Icariin, a plant-derived flavonol glycoside, has been proved as an osteoinductive agent for bone tissue engineering. A new bone repair scaffold was generated by thorough mixing of icariin and chitosan/ hydroxyapatite （icariin-CS/HA） using freeze-drying technigue. Characteristics of morphology, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, drug release behavior and bone repair abilities in vivo were evaluated. The results show that drug loading process of icariin did not affect physical structure of CS/HA composite significantly but decreased mechanical properies of CS/HA composite, which happened with a high dosage; icariin-CS/HA had favorable cell compatibility and promoted osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs; the controlled release of icariin was satisfactory and the release retained after 90 d in vitro. In addition, icariin-CS/HA scaffolds had favorable osteoconduction and osteoinduction in vivo, and could fill bone defect sites and stimulate newborn bone tissues formation at early stage. On the basis of these data, icariin-CS/HA is believed to be an optical bone repair scaffold for tissue engineering.     

江汉油田高钙镁油藏新型聚驱实验研究

地层水中钙镁离子可以明显降低聚合物溶液的黏度,限制了普通聚合物驱在高钙镁油藏中的应用。以江汉油田某区高钙镁油藏作为研究对象,以新型抗钙镁聚合物为基础,开展高钙镁油藏聚合物驱实验研究。在高钙镁条件下采用蒸煮蒸馏水配制模拟盐水,母液稀释配制聚合物溶液;新型聚合物溶液具有较好的增黏、抗盐、抗钙镁、抗剪切、长期稳定性;分别在人造、露头和天然岩心上开展了新型聚合物驱油实验,水驱到含水90%后聚驱采收率增幅达8%以上。该研究为高钙镁油藏进一步开展聚合物驱矿场试验提供了理论指导。     

利用快速成型技术制造人工生物活性骨

以快速成型、三维重构和生物学技术为基础，建立了新型人工生物活性骨工程化制造系统。该系统制作的人工骨外形与被替代骨一样，内部都具有模拟真实骨组织微管系统的三维网架结构，可通过骨生长因子和活体细胞的复合，使其具有生物活性，因此弥补了传统生物填充材料由于缺乏活性布无法实现骨诱导的缺陷。动物实验的结果表明，所制造的内部仿真结构，为人工骨的快速活化和新生骨细胞的三维并行生长提供了理想的空间条件，其中骨引导和骨诱导的双重机制可有效地加速骨组织的生长，从而证明了人工骨具有良好的生物学性能。     

镁双极槽用TiB_2涂敷电极材料的性能

以ＴｉＢ２碳胶涂敷石墨作双极性电极，并对其常温和高温理化性能以及在ＭｇＣｌ２电解过程中的电化学性能进行测试；利用扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）分析ＴｉＢ２碳胶层的织构以及胶层与基底石墨的粘结强度。结果表明，涂敷电极在常温下具有较高的机械强度；高温下抗氧化烧蚀、耐熔盐电解质和熔融液态金属的侵蚀；涂敷电极碳胶层结构致密，涂敷层渗入石墨基底，使胶层与石墨具有较高的粘结强度。将这种材料作为镁电解双极性电极，性能优良，有发展前景。     

镁合金在大气中的腐蚀行为及其表面防护技术

镁合金由于密度小,比强度高,作为结构材料在汽车工业和电子产品领域受到广泛关注。限制镁合金进一步扩大应用的主要障碍是其差的耐腐蚀性能。镁合金主要的服役环境是在大气条件下,大气湿度、腐蚀性污染物是影响镁合金腐蚀的主要因素。在含有氯化物的环境中,镁合金呈现强的腐蚀敏感性。对于镁合金在大气环境下的腐蚀行为及其研究进展进行了综述。为了提高镁合金的耐腐蚀性能,在镁合金表面覆盖防护性膜层是有效方法。介绍了化学转化膜、阳极氧化膜、金属镀层等几种典型的镁合金表面防腐蚀处理方法。由于六价铬致癌,传统的铬酸盐表面处理工艺逐渐被限制和取缔。开发环境友好型的镁合金表面腐蚀防护技术并在工程上应用是发展趋势。     

熔盐辅助煅烧法制备纳米MgO

以无水硫酸镁、氨水和月桂酸钠作为原材料,采用醇水体系一步法制备了表面修饰纳米 Mg(OH)₂,经熔盐LiNO₃辅助煅烧制备纳米MgO。用XRD和FT-IR表征前驱物Mg(OH)₂的结构及形貌,通过TG-DTA确定煅烧温度,用XRD和TEM对纳米MgO的结构和形貌进行表征。讨论了氨水浓度、氨水用量、煅烧温度、煅烧时间和熔盐添加量对纳米MgO颗粒尺寸和硬团聚程度的影响。初步认为纳米MgO是通过成核、长大过程形成的。通过调控煅烧时间、煅烧温度、熔盐比例,可以将MgO平均粒径有效控制在20～100nm范围。     

超声外场对SiCp/7085复合材料颗粒微观团聚与界面结合的作用机理

采用半固态混合-机械搅拌-超声施振的方法制备了体积分数为10%的SiCp/7085复合材料,通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射对颗粒分布与界面进行研究,重点研究超声外场对复合材料颗粒团聚与界面结合的作用机理.实验结果表明:单纯机械搅拌对400目颗粒的团聚与界面结合的作用效果有限;超声外场下,空化作用产生的微射流与瞬时高温高压能够有效破除颗粒团聚体的包裹层,打散颗粒;超声破除颗粒表面氧化膜,除去气体层,使熔体中的镁元素与颗粒直接接触并反应是改善熔体与颗粒润湿性的重要因素;最终在界面处生成MgAl2O4强化相,从而获得更优的界面结合.     

兔骨移植材料组织学特征及体内埋植3个月病理学观察

目的观察骨移植材料组织学特征及埋植于兔体内3个月的病理学变化。方法用新鲜兔股骨为原料,制备骨移植材料,观察其形态,组织结构及超微结构。手术制备兔股骨缺损模型,移植制备的骨移植材料,3个月后取材行组织学观察。结果制备的兔骨移植材料颜色浅白,完整无断裂;光镜下,骨移植材料骨陷窝内空虚,未见细胞和其它细胞成分。哈佛氏系统中央管及周围陷窝中均未见细胞,整个基质呈伊红色;扫描电镜观察骨结构较完整,骨陷窝空虚,陷窝内壁光滑规则,未见任何细胞残留成分。埋植3个月后组织学观察显示外层形成纤维软骨,逐渐向内形成软骨,有钙盐沉着,再向内渐变成新生骨,可见到呈扁平状的初级成骨细胞及呈圆形的成熟成骨细胞,未见作为支架的骨移植材料,无炎细胞;扫描电镜观察骨组织表面有大量细胞附着,骨陷窝内也有细胞生长。结论我们制作的骨移植材料有一定的临床应用价值。     

Dexamethasone-Loaded PLGA Microspheres Incorporated PLLA/PLGA/PCL Composite Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering

The combination of micro-carriers and polymer scaffolds as promising bone grafts have attracted considerable interest in recent decades.The poly(L-lactic acid)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/polycaprolactone(PLLA/PLGA/PCL)composite scaffold with porous structure was fabricated by thermally induced phase separation(TIPS).Dexamethasone(DEX)was incorporated into PLGA microspheres and then loaded on the PLLA/PLGA/PCL scaffoldtopreparethedesiredcompositescaffold.The physicochemical properties of the prepared composite scaffold were characterized.The morphology of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)grown on scaffolds was observed using scanning electron microscope(SEM)and fluorescence microscope.The resultsshowedthatthePLLA/PLGA/PCLscaffoldhad interconnected macropores and biomimetic nanofibrous structure.In addition,DEX can be released from scaffold in a sustained manner.More importantly,DEX loaded composite scaffold can effectively support the proliferation of BMSCs as indicated by fluorescence observation and cell proliferation assay.The results suggested that the prepared PLLA/PLGA/PCL composite scaffold incorporating drug-loaded PLGA microspheres could hold great potential for bone tissue engineering applications.     

Incorporation of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles into Poly( L-lactic acid ) Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

Controlled release of the functional factors is the key to improve clinical therapeutic efficacy during the tissue repair and regeneration.The three-dimensional(3D)scaffold can provide not only physical properties such as high strength and porosity but also an optimal environment to enhance tissue regeneration.Sphingosine1-phosphate(S1P),an angiogenic factor,was loaded into mesoporous silica nanoparticles(MSNs)and then incorporated into poly(L-lactic acid)(PLLA)nanofibrous scaffold,which was fabricated by thermally induced phase separation(TIPS)method.The prepared scaffolds were examined by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and compressive mechanical test.The ATR-FTIR result demonstrated the existence of MSNs in the PLLA nanofibrous scaffold.The SEM images showed that PLLA scaffold had regular pore channel,interconnected pores and nanofibrous structure.The addition of MSNs at appropriate content had no visible effect on the structure of scaffold.The compressive modulus of scaffold containing MSNs was higher than that of the scaffold without MSNs.Furthermore,fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC)was used as model molecule to investigate the release behavior of S1P from MSNsincorporated PLLA(MSNs/PLLA)nanofibrous scaffold.The result showed that the composite scaffold largely reduced the initial burst release and exhibited prolonged release of FITC than MSNs.Thus,these results indicated that S1P-loaded composite nanofibrous scaffold has potential applications for bone tissue engineering.     

微生物诱导形成的碳酸镁胶结松散颗粒研究

 微生物诱导形成的方解石可以把松散颗粒胶结成具有一定力学性能的整体,该特性被广泛用于修复水泥基材料表面缺陷,处理地基等领域.为探明微生物诱导形成的其他碳酸盐沉淀是否具有方解石上述相似特性,本文对微生物诱导形成的碳酸镁胶结松散砂颗粒的效果进行研究.通过对未掺加微生物和掺加微生物的试样进行对比发现,在采用相同成型工艺、相同注入次数下,微生物诱导形成的碳酸镁同样具有胶结松散颗粒的作用;本文采用X-射线衍射和扫描电镜对微生物诱导形成的白色沉淀物进行分析,结果表明,微生物诱导形成的白色沉淀物为菱镁矿型碳酸镁,呈针棒状;经过力学性能测试,微生物诱导形成的碳酸镁胶结松散砂颗粒砂柱(微生物砂柱)具有一定的抗压强度.     

On Modeling Bio-Scaffolds:Structural and Fluid Transport Characterization Based on 3-D Imaging Data

Bio-scaffolds which are most commonly open celled porous structures are increasingly used for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. A number of studies have shown that the bulk properties of such irregular structures are poorly modeled using idealized unit cell approaches. The paper therefore uses novel image based meshing techniques to explore both fluid flow and bulk structural properties of a bone scaffold, as accurate modeling of bio-scaffolds with non-uniform cellular structures is very important for the development of optimal scaffolds for tissue engineering application. In this study, a porous hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) bone scaffold has been scanned in a Micro-CT scanner, and converted into a volumetric mesh using image processing software developed by the authors. The resulting mesh was then exported to commercial FEA and CFD solvers for analysis. Initial FEA and CFD studies have shown promising results and have highlighted the importance of accurate modeling to understand how microstructures influence the mechanical property of the scaffold, and to analyze flow regimes through the sample. The work highlights the potential use of image based meshing for the ad hoc characterization of scaffolds as well as for assisting in the design of scaffolds with tailored strength, stiffness, and transport properties.     

仿生增强制备聚乳酸基骨组织工程复合材料

依据仿生原理制备了纳米羟基磷灰石聚乳酸(nHA-PLA)复合的骨框架材料.此复合材料中的主要成分是纳米羟基磷灰石,纳米相的羟基磷灰石就是天然骨中主要的无机相.在保持高孔隙率(90%)的同时,复合材料的抗压性能达到2.07 MPa,高于单纯的聚乳酸框架材料(为0.89 MPa).分离成骨细胞并在三维框架材料上培养,用扫描电镜进行观察,复合材料具有很好的细胞贴附性能.仿生制备的三维纳米羟基磷灰石聚乳酸复合骨框架材料,无论从结构还是性能上,都是骨组织工程中的优选材料之一.     

变质工艺对复合铝合金钎焊层Si的形貌及尺寸的影响

4045铝合金铸造过程中分别采用Na盐、Al-Sr中间合金、Al-P中间合金等不同的变质剂进行变质处理,检测并分析了铸造组织中的初晶Si、共晶Si以及复合铝合金钎焊层Si的形貌与尺寸。结果显示,经Al-Sr中间合金变质处理的铸造组织中没有块状初晶Si,且共晶Si为球化的短棒状。对复合铝合金钎焊层的形貌进行检测发现,经变质处理的试样中Si颗粒发生球化且呈短棒状,未发现大的块状Si颗粒;而未经变质处理的试样中有明显的呈长条状的Si颗粒,且平均最大Feret直径、平均最小Feret直径、平均颗粒面积、颗粒总面积、颗粒面积分数等较大。表明Al-Sr中间合金变质剂对高硅铝合金铸造组织中的Si相以及复合铝合金钎焊层Si颗粒的形貌与尺寸有明显改善作用。