A new model for the grid size optimization of the finite element method --Based on its application to the water quality modeling of the topographically complicated river

The finite element method is one of the typical methods that are used for numerical water quality modeling of the topographically complicated river. In this paper, based on the principle of probability theory the probability density of pollutants is introduced. A new model for the grid size optimization based on the finite element method is developed with the incorporation of the maximum information entropy theory when the length of the grid is given. Combined with the experiential evaluation approach of the flow discharge per unit river width, this model can be used to determine the grid size of the finite element method applied to water quality modeling of the topographically complicated river when the velocity field of the river is not given. The calculating results of the application of the model to an ideal river testified the correctness of the model. In a practical case-the application of the model to the Xingjian River (the Hengyang section of the Xiangjiang River), the optimized width of the grid of the finite element method was gained and the influence of parameters was studied, which demonstrated that the model reflected the real situation of the pollutants in the river, and that the model had many excellent characteristics such as stabilization, credibility and high applicability in practical applications.     

Mechanical Properties of Laterally Driven Microresonance with a One-Side Straight-Leg Suspension

The mechanical properties of lateral polysilicon comb-driven microresonators suspended from one-side straight-leg beams, which are widely used in linear microvibromotors, are investigated in this paper.The lateral vibration of the microresonator was modeled assuming that the symmetry of the microstructures and the applied loads are different. Methods were given to calculate the stress, lateral displacement, spring coefficient, and resonant frequency. The results show that the simple mechanical model is a superfluous system with three unknown variables. The results differ from pervious results for a microresonator suspended from double-side straight-leg beams, which has been commonly used to design linear microvibromotors.     

Integration of a statistical emulator approach with the SCE-UA method for parameter optimization of a hydrological model

Parameter optimization of a hydrological model is an indispensable process within model development and application.The lack of knowledge regarding the efficient optimization of model parameters often results in a bottle-neck within the modeling process,resulting in the effective calibration and validation of distributed hydrological models being more difficult to achieve.The classical approaches to global parameter optimization are usually characterized by being time consuming,and having a high computation cost.For this reason,an integrated approach coupling a meta-modeling approach with the SCE-UA method was proposed,and applied within this study to optimize hydrological model parameter estimation.Meta-modeling was used to determine the optimization range for all parameters,following which the SCE-UA method was applied to achieve global parameter optimization.The multivariate regression adaptive splines method was used to construct the response surface as a surrogate model to a complex hydrological model.In this study,the daily distributed time-variant gain model(DTVGM) applied to the Huaihe River Basin,China,was chosen as a case study.The integrated objective function based on the water balance coefficient and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient was used to evaluate the model performance.The case study shows that the integrated method can efficiently complete the multi-parameter optimization process,and also demonstrates that the method is a powerful tool for efficient parameter optimization.     

Water cycle evolution in the Haihe River Basin in the past 10000 years

The water shortage problem in the Haihe River Basin is the most severe in China, and has restricted its economic development. Over-extraction of groundwater has been very severe in the past 30 years. To solve this problem, scientific decisions should be made from a historical perspective. It is important to describe water cycle evolution in the Haihe River basin over the past 10000 years. Datasets of paleoclimate, paleogeography, palynoflora, historical record, isotopic abundance ratio and content were collected for research on different time scales. Some interesting conclusions were drawn by a comprehensive analysis method. First, radiation was the intrinsic force driving the evolution of water cycle. Generally, precipitation increased with temperature. Second, precipitation was high during 8 ka-5 ka B.P., the so-called Yangshao warm period of the Middle Holocene, which recharged the major part of the Quaternary groundwater. Third, heavy floods during this period transported sediment to the seaside, forming the Coastal Plain where cities such as Tianjin, Huanghua, Cangzhou are now located. In the last 3000 years, intermittent moderate floods did not have enough energy to transport sediment to the sea. Rivers usually overflowed in the piedmont region of the Taihang Mountains, and sediment deposited there formed the Piedmont Plain, where locate Shijiazhuang, Xingtai, Handan, Baoding and other cities. Precipitation had a high correlation with temperature in Haihe River Basin in the past 10000 years: the high temperature usually coupled with high precipitation. Today precipitation in the Haihe River Basin is relatively low, owing to low temperature. This study reveals the relationship between temperature, precipitation and river networks in the past 10000 years in Haihe River Basin, which has great scientific and practical importance in understanding the current water circulation and water shortage.     

Modeling of Biofiltration Process in Drinking Water Treatment

The aim of this research is to develop a representative model which simulates the performance of a biofilter used to treat drinking water.A steady-sate model is applied.The Monod-type substrate utilization is used,and the external and the internal mass transfer are neglected in this model.The model describes the process of substrate biodegradation,bacterial attachment onto filter media,and detachment of suspended bacteria.It simulates the natural organic matter (NOM) and biomass profiles in a biofilter as a function of filter depth and filtration velocity.The key biokinetic parameters k and KS are estimated through a special experiment.The results of the model testing show that the model prediction agrees well with the experimental data     

Integrated simulation and assessment of water quantity and quality for a river under changing environmental conditions

The water cycle and water resources within river basins under changing environmental conditions undergo profound changes, which have significant effects on the water environment of the river. Owing to the water resources demanded for economic and social development, water quantity and quality are becoming the core constraints of water resources development and utilization. In this paper, the dual attributes of water resources, progress into research regarding water quantity and quality joint assessment and simulation and the shortcomings associated with these techniques are summarized and described with respect to water quantity and quality. The results indicated that under the current environmental conditions, the method used for traditional water quality assessment of single water bodies cannot meet the requirements for water resources management. Moreover, a coupled hydrodynamic and water quality numerical model for river networks and lakes that applies to the river water environment system was developed for the river network flow and pollutant migration and transformation process and validated. This validation revealed that the error between the simulated values calculated by the model and the monitored values was small, meeting the application requirements and realizing the integrated and dynamic simulation of water quantity and quality of the river water environmental system. On this basis, the integrated simulation model was applied to the Luanhe River Basin.     

Daily variation of carbon flux in soils of Populus euphratica forests in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River

In order to lucubrate the daily variation of respiration in soils of Populus euphratica forests and analyze its relationship with environmental factors in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River, the LI-8100 instrument of soil CO2 flux system was used to measure the parameters of soil carbon flux and air temperature 10 cm above ground surface along the profiles of Usyman, Archy River, Yengisu and Karday, and the relationships between the soil carbon flux and the soil moisture content were analyzed. The nonlinear regression analysis was carried out with the software SPSS13.0. We observed that: (1) soil respiration began to be restrained when the air temperature was up to 30℃ 10 cm above the ground surface; (2) the rates of soil respiration under the forests of Populus euphratica were significantly different at various moisture contents, the soil carbon flux was high along the Usyman profile,which has a high soil moisture content, and it was low along the profiles of Archy River, Yengisu and Karday, which has a low soil moisture content; (3) the exponential model can be used to explain the relationship between soil respiration and air temperature 10 cm above the ground surface. The average Q10 values along the profiles of Usyman, Archy River, Yengisu and Karday are 0.61, 0.16, 0.22 and 0.35 respectively, much lower than the average of the world; (4) there is a positive correlation between the soil carbon flux and the soil moisture content     

Mixed Lubrication Analysis and Experiment Validation of Internal Combustion Piston Skirt

A mixed lubrication model was established for piston skirt lubrication. The mathematical model developed in this paper incorporates governing equations of motion with average Reynolds equation. This model considers the surface roughness and profile, The corresponding computer program can be used to calculate oscillatory motion of piston during the entire trajectory, which has the excellent convergence.In addition, a set of equipment, which adopt the laser induced fluorescent method, was developed to measure the oil film thickness between the piston and the bore.     

On-Line Partial Discharge Monitoring and Diagnostic System for Power Transformer

This paper introduces a computerized on-line partial discharge （PD） monitoring and diagnostic system for transformers. The system, which is already in use in a power station, uses wide-band active transducers and a data acquisition unit with modularized and exchangeable components. The system software is a power equipment monitoring and diagnostic system, which is based on the component object model, and was developed for monitoring multiple parameters in multiple power supply systems. The statistical characteristics of PDs in power transformers were studied using 7 experimental models for simulating PDs in transformers and 3 models for simulating interfering discharges in air. The discharge features were analyzed using a 3-D pattern chart with a three-layer back-propagation artificial neural network used to recognize the patterns. The results show that PDs in air and oil can be distinguished. The model can be used for interference rejection on-line monitoring of partial discharge in transformers.     

Numerical and experimental study on coke size distribution in bell-type charging in the CDQ shaft

The mechanism of coke size segregation in the radial direction of pre-chamber in coke dry quenching (CDQ) shaft was investigated by experiment and numerical analysis. The experimental apparatus was a cold three-dimensional semicircle model for bell-type charging, which was used to study the influences of different kinds of bells and different stock line levels on the radial distribution of coke size in the radial direction of a pre-chamber. A mathematical model was used, which is capable of estimating the radial average size distribution as well as the radial deposit distribution of each particle size for multiple size coke with a few fixed parameters. The calculated results agree well with the experimental data, which proves the reliability of both experimental study and numerical analysis.     

面向GF-5卫星高光谱传感器的浑浊水体叶绿素a浓度反演算法研究——以鄱阳湖为例

为了分析即将发射的高分5号卫星(GF-5)的高光谱数据在内陆水体水色遥感中的应用潜力,以鄱阳湖为研究区域,利用2009年、2011年和2016年共134组现场实测光谱及其对应的叶绿素a、总悬浮物浓度数据,考虑高浑浊水体引起的叶绿素a浓度变化的光谱响应差异,在进行水体光学分区基础上通过光谱模拟与差分处理开展了叶绿素a浓度跨阶分高光谱反演研究.结果表明：1)进行光学分区有利于提高反演精度,非高浑浊水体(NDCI≥0.06)区域,反演模型判定系数R2达到0.82,均方根误差RMSE为1.12,平均相对误差MRE为0.32,而不进行光学分区的全湖区反演建模R2仅为0.37;2) 相较于鄱阳湖前期研究得到的最优多波段反演模型(R2＝0.76),利用495、591、675、679、684、688、692和696 nm等波长的原始光谱以及差分光谱(一阶差分、二阶差分)建立的跨阶分多波段组合模型可以更有效地反演非高浑浊水体叶绿素a浓度(R2＝0.82),但对于高浑浊水体(NDCI<0.06),叶绿素a浓度的高光谱反演能力还需要进一步挖掘.     

黄渤海海域叶绿素a浓度时空特征分布及影响因子分析

本文基于2003-2017年黄渤海海域MODIS卫星遥感数据,利用自组织映射神经网络模型（SOM）研究了叶绿素a浓度（Chl-a）的典型分布模式,分析了Chl-a变化趋势,并利用广义加性模型（Generalized Additive Model ,GAM）研究其与环境因子的关系。结果表明：黄渤海Chl-a存在明显的季节性变化,7月份浓度最低2.41 mg·m-3, 4月份浓度最高3.43 mg·m-3; Chl-a呈现从近海岸海域向深水海盆逐渐降低的变化趋势;将SOM模型提取的典型模式分为清澈、低浓度、中浓度和高浓度模式,这些模式有效地阐明了2003-2017年黄渤海Chl-a在时间上存在春季高,夏季低的变化趋势,Chl-a高值区主要分布在河流的入海口及近海岸;利用GAM模型发现海表温度（SST）、风速（wind）与Chl-a之间存在显著的非线性关系,SST、wind对Chl-a变化的解释率39.3%,SST对Chl-a变化的影响比wind更大;人类活动的增加对黄渤海Chl-a变化也起着重要的作用。     

动水条件下太湖水体透明度及其影响因子模拟

利用太湖长序列实测资料,分析了太湖水体透明度的主要影响因子,建立了透明度与其影响因子之间的多元回归方程,基于该方程,建立了动水条件下太湖水体的透明度数学模型.结果表明,悬浮物质量浓度是太湖透明度最重要的影响因素,藻类和有机物质量浓度对透明度的影响不确定性较大,但总体来看呈现明显的反比关系.根据透明度及其影响因子的分布特征,分季节(春季和夏季)、分湖区(梅梁湾、湖心及沿岸区、东太湖)建立的透明度与悬浮物、藻类及高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)质量浓度之间的多元回归方程具有较好的相关性,所建立的模型对太湖水体透明度以及影响因子具有较好的描述能力,说明该模型是合理的.     

基于GF-2影像的苏州市区水质遥感监测

城市水体水质遥感监测是治理城市水体水质遥感监测是治理城市水环境污染的重要基础,也是城市生态系统建设的重要组成部分。本文基于GF-2影像,建立城市水体水质参数反演模型,对2015年-2017年苏州市区水体的叶绿素a浓度、悬浮物浓度、透明度三种水质参数进行遥感监测,分析了苏州市城市水体水质参数的时空变化特征并且对苏州市水环境进行了评价。结果表明,苏州市区水体叶绿素a浓度整体偏高,但平均水平逐年降低。各个市辖区城市河道平均叶绿素a浓度相差不大。大型河流湖泊中,虎丘湿地叶绿素a的平均含量在2015年-2017年间均处于最高水平。三年间市区城市河道的平均悬浮物浓度降低明显,悬浮物浓度较高的河道均主要集中在虎丘区。大型湖泊的悬浮物浓度不高,逐年降低明显。盛泽湖的平均悬浮物浓度最低,透明度最高。京杭运河的悬浮物浓度一直保持在最高水平,且变化不大,吴淞江汇入京杭运河部分水体悬浮物浓度偏高。2016年元河塘悬浮物浓度突然增高并在2017年有所降低,但仍高于2015年。透明度的分布变化趋势与悬浮物浓度相反,符合常规规律。苏州市区水质逐年改善,但仍水质情况仍不容乐观。京杭运河、元河塘、虎丘湿地由于人为活动导致水质较差,今后需进行重点监测与治理。其余河流湖泊水质均逐年改善,盛泽湖的水质处于最优水平。根据相关资料查阅,遥感监测苏州市区水体水质情况符合实际情况,GF-2影像能有效地反演城市水体的水质参数信息并显示其分布变化规律。     

紫外-可见光去浊度反演水体叶绿素a含量

城市景观水体的叶绿素a含量可直接反映其水质。紫外-可见光谱方法可快速低廉反演叶绿素a的含量,但城市水体水深较浅、浊度较高,容易对该波段光谱产生干扰。采用实验室培养的螺旋藻水样和浊度水样的混合水样来模拟城市景观水体环境,并使用UV—2600分光光度计获取混合水样的吸光谱数据;对吸光谱数据分别建立一元线性回归模型、偏最小二乘算法(PLS)模型和BP神经网络模型,以寻找降低水体浊度干扰的办法,为水体水质评价提供可靠参考数据。结果显示,BP神经网络预测模型可以同时预测混合水样中叶绿素a的浓度和浊度的浓度值,模型预测值与样本测量值之间的R~2为0. 997 2,并且模型的预测误差在5%以内。去浊度反演水体叶绿素a含量的能力最高;偏最小二乘算法模型测量值与预测值的R2为0. 999 4,模型的预测误差小于4%,但该模型在预测叶绿素a浓度时不能同时预测浊度值,去浊度反演叶绿素a含量的能力次之;一元线性回归模型的去浊度反演叶绿素a含量的能力最差。     

上海公园绿地景观水体透明度影响因子研究

于2010年,以上海市90个公园绿地共107个景观水体为研究对象,通过野外调查与室内分析,探寻水体透明度与光衰减系数的关系,并在此基础上分析影响水体透明度的主要因子.研究结果表明：（1）上海市公园绿地景观水体透明度普遍较低,平均透明度为（0.54±0.24） m,98.31%的水体透明度低于1 m;（2）透明度与光学衰减系数显著负相关,两者之间可建立数学关系式为Kd=0.017+〖SX(〗1.12〖〗ST〖SX)〗;（3）悬浮物是上海城市公园绿地水体透明度的主导影响因子,总磷和铵态氮通过控制浮游藻类的营养水平来影响水体透明度.研究结果为科学合理地评价景观水体水质尤其是水体透明度提供测度,并为水体环境的改善、水生植被的构建及水体的养护管理提供科学依据.     

基于TM影像的长江口悬沙浓度遥感反演定量模式研究

近年来,由于水利工程等因素,长江入海径流量变化较大并导致入海泥沙量明显呈下降趋势,必会影响海岸带环境．利用遥感技术研究泥沙含量不仅速度快,效率高,周期短,而且对分析河口海岸带冲淤变化,研究流域入海物质通量、物质循环、河口沙洲变化,港口建设,航道治理以及海岸带环境管理都有十分重要韵意义．利用长江口TM影像数据以及现场采集的多个长江口表层悬沙浓度数据,建立悬沙浓度遥感定量反演模式．通过对遥感数据预处理,运用不同的悬沙反演模式进行回93分析,得到低浓度悬沙水体运用多项武模式反演效果较好,高浓度表层悬沙水体运用乘幂模式反演效果较好,同时应用Arcgis软件绘制成悬浮泥沙空间分布图,并归纳出长江口悬沙分布和输移的基本规律．     

悬浮泥沙定量遥感综合模式及其在珠江口的应用

从太阳光在水体中传输的物理机制入手,引入水体光学厚度概念,根据辐射传输理论,推导出悬浮泥沙定量遥感的综合模式,该模式具有明确清晰的物理意义.并且该模式在条件简化下几乎包含了前人所推导的所有半经验模式,包括线性模式、对数模式、Gordon模式、负指数模式、统一模式.将该模式应用于珠江入海口水域的悬浮泥沙调查与监测中,取得了不错的效果.     

三峡水库干流典型消落带泥沙沉积过程

 选择三峡水库中游干流典型消落带断面,现场调查泥沙沉积速率随高程分布,探讨三峡水库特定水位调节模式和长江上游泥沙输移的季节性特征对消落带泥沙沉积的影响。结果表明,消落带泥沙净沉积主要发生在145~168 m 高程,2010年累积净沉积厚度为1.1~39.9 cm,随高程增加逐渐减小,145~155 m 平均泥沙沉积厚度为14.9 cm,155~168 m 平均泥沙沉积厚度为2.6 cm;2013年累积净沉积厚度为3~80 cm,表明三峡水库干流消落带泥沙沉积过程迅速。泥沙粒径随高程增加逐渐变粗,体现在砂粒体积分数和中值粒径逐渐增大。消落带下部沉积泥沙颗粒组成与干流悬移质泥沙接近,而消落带上部沉积泥沙明显粗于干流悬浮泥沙。消落带泥沙沉积速率与水库水位调节密切相关,雨季水库低水位运行,长江悬移质输沙量的增加导致了消落带下部大量泥沙沉积;旱季水库高水位运行,长江悬移质输沙量减少导致消落带上部泥沙沉积速率降低,消落带河岸侵蚀对沉积泥沙贡献逐渐增大。消落带淹水时间随高程增加而缩短,长时间淹没有利于消落带下部泥沙沉积。综合推断,三峡水库干流消落带下部泥沙主要来源于雨季河流悬移质泥沙的沉积,而消落带上部沉积泥沙主要来自旱季消落带河岸侵蚀产沙。     

黄河中游龙潼河段一维悬移质泥沙数学模型

建立了适用于黄河中游龙潼河段的一维悬移质泥沙数学模型。利用十年实测水沙资料进行了验证计算，结果表明，实测冲淤量与计算值基本相符。本模型可用于预测不同减水减沙情况下的泥沙冲淤调整过程。