安全壳空气冷却系统单面加热对流换热特性研究

事故工况下，为将反应堆内的热量从钢制安全壳外表面传至外界环境，模块化小型压水堆核电厂“玲珑一号”（Advanced China PWR Linglong No.1,ACP100）设置了非能动安全壳空冷系统（passive containment air-cooling system,PAS）。单面加热非能动自然循环机理研究是PAS的设计、运行基础，本文通过搭建干式平板加热实验台架，研究分析了不同通道宽度、倾斜角度对PAS换热能力的影响。结果表明：通道宽度减少、高度增加对PAS换热是有利的，自然对流换热能力随通道高宽比成正相关；自然对流换热能力随加热面与水平面倾斜角度的减小增强，当斜度小于15°时，自然对流换热能力提升明显。     

矩形通道内置加热板混合对流的实验研究

通过实验研究了中心截面带有加热平板的水平和倾斜矩形通道入口段的混合对流换热,该矩形通道和加热平板均采用高热导率材料制作,矩形通道外壁面绝热.实验过程中Re从334变化到1 911,管道倾角从-60°增加到60°.实验数据处理时采用壁面均匀恒定热流边界条件,处理结果与相关文献吻合较好.通过实验得到了管内平均Nusselt数和压力损失的分布.实验结果表明:换热系数是充分发展层流混合对流的2到3倍;当Re增加时,管内换热系数增加,压损随之增大;当Re较小时,换热系数和压损均随倾角的增大显著增大;当Re约增加到1 800时,角度变化对换热系数和压损的影响很小.     

倾斜单管和管排自然对流换热的实验研究

对倾斜单管和倾斜管排的自然对流换热进行了实验研究。试验管的外径为40毫米,长800毫米。试验在恒热流条件下进行,R_(αL)的范围是5×10~8～3×10~9,倾斜角度为θ=0°(水平放置),15°,30°和45°。对于倾斜管排,在每一倾斜角下进行了七种s/d的试验。根据实验结果,拟合了适用于倾斜角度为0°～45°、流动状态为紊流时的倾斜单管的自然对流换热通用准则关系式,填补了现有实验数据的空白。试验还揭示了不同倾斜角度下倾斜管排中各管的N_(u_L)随s/d的变化规律。试验发现,尽管倾斜单管的换热总比相应条件下水平单管差,但是在θ不太大时,倾斜管排的平均换热系数不仅不比水平管排低,而且可高出5～6%。因此,就工程实用来说,当换热器的水平尺寸受限制时,将自然对流换热管排布置成倾斜的方式是可取的。此时,从工程实用的观点,倾斜管排的换热完全可按相同条件下的水平管排的公式计算。用Mach-Zehnder干涉仅获得了流场显示图像,对合理的解释试验结果及进一步建立理论模型提供了依据。     

圆内开缝圆不同开缝方向自然对流换热

采用SIMPLE方法对圆内开缝圆在不同开缝方向时的自然对流换热进行了数值模拟,根据数值结果,分析了开缝圆不同开缝方向的自然对流换热规律和特性.数值结果表明:采用SIMPLE方法的计算结果与已有文献相同工况的实验结果相吻合;同一开缝方向,平均当量导热系数Keqs随着瑞利数Ra的增加而增大.当Ra较小时,Keqs基本不随开缝方向的改变而变化;当Ra继续增大,同一Ra下开缝方向从竖直到水平随角度φ增大Keqs值变小;当Ra超过一个临界值时,Keqs数值结果出现了振荡,且这个临界值与开缝方向相关;研究水平开缝的圆内开缝圆自然对流换热,随着Ra的增加,能够获得稳定解、周期性振荡解及非周期振荡解,最终为混沌.     

方形柱体外侧自然对流换热的干涉仪研究

本文用Mach-Zehnder干涉仪对置于空气中水平方形柱体的大空间自然对流换热进行了系统的实验研究.得到了柱体底面与水平线成各种倾角下的温度场;整理了不同倾角下平均Nu数随Ra数变化的关系式;分析了底面倾角对整体换热影响的机理,得出了倾角等于45°时换热最强的结论;分析了不同倾角下局部Nu数沿壁面变化的原因,尖角对换热的影响.并对自然对流流动分离进行了探讨,认为方形柱体在各种倾角下,Ra数超过一定值时,均会产生流动分离,分离的可能性随Ra数的增高而加大.     

倾斜下表面过冷池沸腾实验研究

倾斜下表面的沸腾换热可模拟球形下表面的沸腾换热 ,这对严重事故下压水反应堆压力容器的非能动保护非常重要 .对大气压力下倾斜下表面的过冷池沸腾换热进行了实验研究 .对不同倾斜角度通过实验进行了观察和测量 .结果表明 ,倾斜角对换热系数的影响仅在小倾斜角时较大 .给出了不同倾斜角下换热系数和热流密度的拟合关系式 .这些关系式可用于压水堆堆芯熔化时压力容器非能动保护研究     

纳米颗粒球形度对平板通道中Al2O3-水纳米流体强制对流换热的影响

数值研究了水中添加立方体形、球形或柱状Al₂O₃纳米颗粒的纳米流体在平板通道中的层流强制对流换热,分析了纳米颗粒球形度、纳米颗粒体积分数和雷诺数对平板通道中Al₂O₃-水纳米流体强制对流换热的影响. 结果表明:当纳米颗粒体积分数和雷诺数一定时,随着纳米颗粒球形度减小,通道壁面平均努赛尔数增大,对流换热增强;当纳米颗粒球形度一定时,随着纳米颗粒体积分数和雷诺数的增大,通道壁面平均努赛尔数增大,对流换热增强.     

水平圆管在大空间内自然对流换热的实验与数值分析

通过实验与数值计算相结合的方法,对大空间水平圆管的自然对流换热过程进行研究.实验得出圆管自然对流换热系数随管壁温度的升高而增大,并拟合了实验条件下的自然对流换热实验关联式.以Fluent为平台,对水平圆管在大空间内的自然对流换热进行数值分析.结果表明,自然对流换热强弱取决于圆管壁面与周围流体温差的大小,温差越大,自然对流流动发展越快,最大流速越大,圆管周围空气在温差产生的浮升力驱动下形成不断上升的气流.     

脉动热管倾角与外场热负荷耦合传热特性实验研究

热负荷与倾斜角是影响脉动热管传热性能的重要因素.在热负荷与倾斜角度相耦合的工况下对脉动热的传热性能进行分析.实验采用热电偶测温的方法,得到脉动热管在热负荷与倾斜角相耦合工况下的温度分布规律.实验表明:在相同功率下,倾斜角度为0°时脉动热管工作效率最高,倾斜角度为180°时脉动热管工作效率最低.当倾斜角度不变时,随着热负荷的增加脉动热管振荡周期减小,振荡逐渐趋于稳定.倾斜角度小于90°时,传热热阻随倾斜角变化不明显;当倾斜角大于90°时,随着倾斜角的增大传热热阻增加.     

低温海水外掠圆管混合对流传热规律实验

以自然海水为工质,对层流范围内低温海水的混合对流传热特性进行实验研究,研究换热特性与雷诺数、格拉晓夫数和管径的关系,并与经验公式进行对比;提出适用于层流范围内低温海水外掠圆管流动与换热系数的经验公式。结果表明,在实验范围内努赛尔数随着雷诺数和格拉晓夫数增大而增大,且雷诺数越小,格拉晓夫数对努赛尔数的影响越明显;努赛尔数随着立管直径增大逐渐减小,小管径有利于增强对流传热强度;自然对流的影响随着雷诺数增加而减小,随着格拉晓夫数增大而增大;立管直径越大,自然对流对于总换热量的影响越强,且雷诺数越小,管径变化对自然对流在总换热量中的影响越明显。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.