半仿生及超声波辅助半仿生法提取杜仲叶黄酮

探讨半仿生法及超声波辅助半仿生法提取杜仲黄酮的实验条件.半仿生法考察提取温度、提取时间、料液比对黄酮提取率的影响.以半仿生法提取在超声波协同作用的基础上,采用正交试验、单因素考察超声时间、超声温度、料液比对黄酮提取率的影响.结果表明,半仿生法在提取时间1.5 h,提取温度60 ℃,料液比1∶20（g∶mL）时,黄酮提取率高达325.0 mg/g;超声波辅助法提取的最佳条件为时间50 min,温度65 ℃,料液比1∶40（g∶mL）,黄酮提取率为264.4 mg/g.     

茶叶总黄酮类物质的微波辅助提取研究

采用微波辅助提取茶叶总黄酮类物质,通过单因素实验和正交实验,对影响微波辅助提取总黄酮提取率的因素进行探讨.结果表明:以80％乙醇为提取溶剂,最佳提取工艺条件为:A3B2C3,即微波功率648 W,微波提取时间为4 min,料液比为1∶45 (g/mL),测得茶叶总黄酮提取率为9.54 mg/g,各因素对总黄酮提取率的影响程度为提取功率＞提取时间＞料液比.     

微波辅助提取贡菊中黄酮类化合物的工艺研究

以黄酮类化合物的提取含量为评价指标,采用微波辅助提取法,通过正交试验研究微波辐射时间、微波功率、乙醇浓度及其料液比等因素对提取率的影响.结果表明:提取黄酮类化合物最佳工艺条件为:70%乙醇做溶剂,辐射功率480 W,料液比1 g: 75 mL,辐射时间20 s/次×6次.该工艺简单、提取时间短、提取率高.     

超高压辅助浊点萃取法提取富集莲子心总生物碱

通过表面活性剂类型、浓度、提取压力、时间、料液比等单因素实验确定了超高压辅助胶束提取的工艺条件，并通过加入NaCl和加热引发体系浊点，诱导双水相分离，实现了莲子心生物碱的富集。结果表明，最佳提取工艺为质量分数5%的OP 10为溶剂，提取压力100 MPa，提取时间1 min，料液比1:20(g/mL)，莲子心生物碱的提取率可达到103.6 mg/g。提取液中加入NaCl使其质量分数达到15%，在50℃条件下平衡10 min，两相分离，离心后莲子心生物碱的萃取回收率为70.73%，浓缩系数为8.6。此方法快速高效、环境友好。     

超声波辅助提取桔梗皂苷方法的研究

采用桔梗为原料,以桔梗皂苷的提取率为指标,对超声波辅助提取桔梗皂苷的方法进行研究.以乙醇为主要提取溶剂,应用正交设计优选桔梗皂苷的提取方法,选择乙醇体积分数、料液比、超声温度和超声时间为影响因素,确定了超声波辅助提取桔梗皂苷的最佳条件为:乙醇体积分数90%、料液比1∶11(g/mL)、超声温度45℃、超声时间30 min.桔梗皂苷的提取率为4.255%,通过泡沫实验和颜色反应实验确定提取物质为桔梗皂苷.     

黄花倒水莲多糖提取的最佳脱脂工艺

目的:优选黄花倒水莲多糖提取的最佳脱脂工艺条件.方法:用均匀设计方法设计最佳脱脂工艺条件,以提取物中多糖含量为测定指标,考察溶剂、回流时间及料液比三个因素对有效成分多糖提取的影响.结果:最佳脱脂工艺条件为乙醇和乙醚比例为1∶6.1(mL/mL),回流时间3h,料液比1∶20(g/mL),黄花倒水莲茎部多糖的提取率为2.65%.结论:优选的提取工艺提取率高,是一种省时、高效、节能的提取工艺.     

响应面法优化莲子低聚糖超声波辅助提取工艺

采用响应面分析法对超声辅助提取莲子低聚糖工艺参数进行优化.研究了超声波功率(300～500 W)、料液比(g/mL)1∶15～1∶25和提取时间(30～50 min)对超声辅助提取莲子低聚糖得率的影响,对实验数据进行回归分析,优化工艺参数.结果表明:超声辅助提取各试验因素对莲子低聚糖得率的影响次序为料液比超声波功率提取时间.优化所得莲子低聚糖超声波辅助提取较佳工艺参数为:超声波功率320 W,液料比1∶25,提取时间48 min,在该条件下,低聚糖得率为1.13%.与热回流提取法和微波辅助提取法相比,超声辅助提取法使莲子低聚糖得率分别提高66.18%和29.88%.     

基于微波辅助提取橘皮总色素的实验研究

采用微波辅助法提取橘皮总色素。以80%乙醇为提取剂,探讨料液比、提取时间、微波功率等单因素对橘皮总色素提取率的影响,通过正交实验优化得到最佳提取工艺。结果表明:料液比为1∶20 g/mL,提取时间为3 min,微波功率为中火档。对橘皮总色素提取率的影响效应为料液比>微波功率>提取时间。     

超声波辅助法提取南非叶多酚的工艺研究

以乙醇为提取溶剂,选用超声波辅助法提取南非叶中的多酚.以多酚提取率为评价指标,对液料比、乙醇体积分数、超声时间和超声温度进行单因素实验,并通过响应面分析,创建多元二次回归模型,确定了最佳的工艺条件.结果表明超声温度是影响南非叶多酚提取率的最显著因素,乙醇体积分数和超声温度间的交互作用对提取率影响差异最显著.南非叶多酚的最佳提取条件为:液料比为30 mL/g,乙醇体积分数为65%,超声时间31 min和超声温度为59℃,在此条件下获得提取率实际值为20.33 mg/g,相比理论预测值20.36 mg/g,算得相对误差仅0.15%,表明此模型具有较好可靠性与准确性,为南非叶多酚的提取及开发提供了新的研究方向.     

三明产小辣椒总碱的微波辅助法提取研究

目的研究利用微波辅助方法,从三明建宁产小辣椒中提取辣椒总碱的最佳工艺条件。方法通过单因素试验考察溶剂、微波功率、时间、料液比对辣椒总碱提取率的影响,利用正交试验确定最佳提取工艺条件。结果与结论实验结果表明,辣椒总碱的最佳工艺条件为:VCH3CH2OH∶VCH3COCH3=1∶1,微波处理时间为3 min,微波功率为采用低火档,液料比为1∶15(g∶mL),浸泡时间为2 h,提取2次,辣椒总碱提取率为52.5%。选用质量浓度15%NaOH溶液,所得辣椒总碱质量(g)和15%NaOH溶液体积(mL)的配比为1∶5,在50℃浸泡2.0 h,此条件下辣味去除比较明显,辣椒总碱提取率最佳。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the