管式炉中温度对玉米秸秆慢速热解特性的影响分析

热解终温和升温速率是玉米秸秆热解的重要影响因素。基于玉米秸秆慢速热解原理,采用热重和管式炉热解取样方法对玉米秸秆的慢速热解特性进行实验分析。取升温速率(20℃/min,30℃/min,40℃/min,50℃/min,60℃/min)和终温(300℃,400℃,500℃,600℃,700℃)作为影响因素,以热解产物(残炭、生物质焦油和热解气体)的产率作为评价分析指标,并对不同终温条件下的热解气体成分进行定量分析。试验结果表明,随着升温速率的增加(20~60℃/min),残炭产率和气体产率略有变化;而焦油产率有较大幅度的提升,可从12%提升至18%。热解终温的升高,使固体残渣中的挥发分进一步析出,残炭产率下降;终温为600℃时,焦油产率达到极大峰值,最高可达18%,峰值温度前,焦油产率随终温的增加而增加,当终温大于峰值温度后,焦油产率迅速减少;气体产率随温度的升高而增加,热值也随之增加,在700℃时,低位热值为10.22MJ/Nm~3。     

木质素基生物炭制备及对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能

研究温度对生物炭得率、吸附性能的影响.采用无氧慢速热解的方法,以酶解木质素为原料,制备不同温度下的生物质炭,测定热解得率、生物炭得率、挥发分、灰分及对亚甲基蓝的吸附值.热解试验结果表明:随着炭化温度从300℃逐渐升高到700℃,热解得率先降低后升高,挥发成分先升高后降低,生物炭得率先降低后升高.在500℃时,热解得率和生物炭得率分别为54.09%和50.77%,灰分含量为3.32%,挥发分含量为45.91%;热解温度为300℃时,木质素基生物炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附值最大,为37.31 mg/g;热解过程中,C—H、C=O键断裂.     

夏威夷果壳热解特性实验研究

夏威夷果壳是一种农产品加工剩余物,随意处理会造成资源的极大浪费。采用同步热分析仪和红外光谱仪对夏威夷果壳的热解过程进行了研究,使用Coats-Redfern法计算了热解动力学。实验结果表明:夏威夷果壳的挥发分(78.67%)、木质素(42.81%)和C元素(47.45%)含量均较高,其主热解温度区间在275～410℃,热解总失重率为76.31%。随着升温速率的增加,热解反应的活化能和频率因子均增大,分别由58.737 kJ·mol~(-1)、11.689 min~(-1)增加到59.796 kJ·mol~(-1)、43.773 min~(-1),线性拟合系数均在0.99以上。傅里叶红外光谱仪对果壳热解固体产物进行了红外光谱分析,实验还表明夏威夷果壳的热解温度区间在300～500℃,热解过程主要是纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的解聚,与热重分析结果相一致。     

稻壳和稻草的热重-质谱分析及其反应动力学

采用热重-质谱(TG-MS)联用对比研究了氮气气氛中稻壳和稻草在升温速率分别为5,20℃/min时的热解行为,分析得到了稻壳和稻草热裂解过程产生的小分子气相产物(CO,CO_2,CH_4,H_2)随温度和升温速率变化的释放规律.结果表明:稻壳和稻草的热解过程可分为脱水干燥预热解阶段、挥发分析出快速热解阶段和残余物裂解炭化阶段;稻草热解总失重率约为75%,稻壳约为55%,而且稻草的热解特性指数高于稻壳;稻草热解释放生物质燃气主要成分(CO,CH_4,H_2)的离子流强度明显高于稻壳;用Coats-Redfern法计算生物质的热解动力学参数,表观活化能和挥发分初始析出温度均是稻草稻壳,这与实验结果吻合,表明相同条件下稻草的热解性能优于稻壳.     

生物质高温热解气、液、固三相产物及碳烟生成特性

为了研究生物质高温热解气化特性,特别是在此过程中碳烟的形成机理,在一维沉降炉内对麦秆和杨树木屑于900~1 300℃进行高温热解,收集热解产生的气、液、固三相及碳烟产物,对热解产物的产率(产物与生物质干基的质量比)、形貌及组分进行分析,对比了两种生物质热解产物特性并重点分析热解碳烟的形成机理。结果表明,麦秆、木屑热解碳烟的产率随着温度的升高而升高,分别为0.28%~2.40%和0.34%~6.30%,热解焦炭的产率随着温度的升高逐渐降低,分别为2.8%~7.3%和0.29%~2.9%。木屑由于具有较高的木质素和纤维素组分,会产生更多的碳烟;麦秆由于具有高灰分和抽提物含量,会生成更多的焦炭。麦秆的不凝性气体产率为47%~69%,木屑的为59%~77%,热解产气率总体随温度的升高而升高。两种生物质热解的焦油产率均低于1.6%,温度升高至1 200℃时焦油完全转化,焦油的组分几乎均为芳烃类物质。生物质的热解过程中,在900~1 100℃时,碳烟的形成为小分子烃类气体裂解和大分子焦油缩聚机理共同作用的结果,在温度超过1 100℃时,增长的碳烟主要是通过小分子烃类气体裂解的途径生成。     

程序升温热重法研究神府高温煤焦-CO2气化反应性

在制焦温度为1223~1773 K内,制备了慢速和快速神府煤焦,采用程序升温热重法研究了煤焦-CO2高温气化反应性。主要研究了升温速率、制焦温度和热解速率对煤焦反应性的影响,并对一种高温慢速热解焦(制焦温度为1573 K)的程序升温和等温动力学进行了比较。结果表明:升温速率对煤焦-CO2气化反应有明显影响;制焦温度较高的煤焦反应性较低;快速热解有利于提高煤焦的反应性;由程序升温法和等温法所得活化能随转化率变化呈现不同的趋势,但所得活化能的平均值分别为160.13 kJ/mol和163.21 kJ/mol,十分接近。     

稻秆热解固体产物的性能

稻秆热解的目的是为了脱除氧元素,增加能量密度,并将热解的固体产物作为生物质气流床气化原料,从而提高气化合成气的热值。稻秆在管式电阻炉中以5℃/min和15℃/min的升温速率进行慢速热解,热解温度为200~800℃。利用自动量热仪和元素分析仪对热解后固体产物进行热值和元素分析。结果表明:同一热解温度下,升温速率越快,半焦的热值越高;碳元素的含量随着热解温度的升高逐渐增加,而氢和氧两种元素的含量随着热解温度的升高逐渐降低。同时,推导出热值与半焦中各元素含量的关系式。     

粉煤热解过程的温度相关模型

探讨了煤种、粒径、加热终温等几个主要因素对沉降炉中煤粉快速热解过程和差热天平中的慢速热解过程的影响，分析比较了慢速热解及快速热解中挥发分组分及其总体的析出过程。     

粉煤热解过程的温度相关模型

探讨了煤种、粒径、加热终温等几个主要因素对沉降炉中煤粉快速热解过程和差热天平中的慢速热解过程的影响，分析比较了慢速热解及快速热解中挥发分组分及其总体的析出过程。     

抚顺油页岩及其残渣的热解性能

用热重分析法研究了抚顺油页岩及其残渣的热解性质与热解动力学.结果显示,油页岩和油页岩渣的热解反应为两个过程:在常温~200℃,主要是水分的挥发,油页岩及其残渣中水的挥发量分别为2.446%和3.202%;在200~600℃,主要是固定碳的热解,失重率分别为16.048%和6.524%.采用Coats-Redfern方法得到了热解反应两个部分的动力学常数,抚顺油页岩的活化能分别为51.84和28.14 kJ/mol,频率因子分别为62.35和0.003 25 min-1;抚顺油页岩渣的活化能分别为36.62和55.05 kJ/mol,频率因子分别为0.009 76和0.341 min-1.另外油...     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with