《马氏文通》"散动"理论研究述评

本文通过对一百多年以来对马建忠"散动"理论的研究成果的梳理分析,发现对同一个原点理论,不同的研究者却得出了互相矛盾的结论,本文试图通过对汉语和以英语为代表的西方语言的对比来揭示造成这一矛盾的真正原因.最终得出结论汉语的动词系统和英语的动词系统是有着完整的对应关系的,更进一步,可以说马建忠的"散动"理论是他所具有的普遍语法观念的一个具体体现.     

基于“NP+V起来+AP”句型的汉语中动结构考证

以汉语“NP+V起来+AP”句为切入点,搜集和整理汉语中各种“V起来”句,并基于英语和汉语中动结构的相关研究成果,对汉语“V起来”句进行归类、分析与对比,反思和总结汉语中动句的合法构句条件。通过对汉语“V起来”句句法结构和语义功能的分析和考证,认为汉语中的“NP+V起来+AP”句和中动句并非一一对应,只有部分“NP+V起来+AP”句属于中动结构。汉语“NP+V起来+AP”中动句有三种构式：NP(受事)+V起来(行为动词)+AP,NP(受事)+V起来(感官动词/情感心理动词)+AP,NP(旁格)+V起来(行为动词)+AP。     

英语有哪些词可以转译为汉语的动词?

无论英语或汉语总的说来在一个句子中,动词总是必不可少的,但是英语和汉语各有其本身 的特点,例如,在一个英语句子中只能有一个动词,而汉语有时则可使用两个或者更多的动词, 因此在英译汉时通常有必要将英语中除谓语动词之外的一些词译成汉语的动词。这不仅符合汉语 的表达习惯也忠实于原文。本文主要阐述了抽象名词（特别是动作名词ａｃｔｉｏｎ－ｎｏｕｎｓ）的翻译方法,其中包括根据不 同上下文将“动作名词＋ｏｆ名词”的结构译成汉语的“主谓”结构或“动宾”结构． 此外,也涉及到将英语中动名词以及“ｔｏ ｂｅ＋形容词”,“ｔｏ ｂｅ＋介词”,“ｔｏ ｂｅ＋付 词”等结构译或相应的汉语动词的问题．     

"通过"的语法化和语义研究

“通过”作为介词的用法是对外汉语教学中的一个难点。文章利用隐喻、“非终结性动词”以及认知图景等理论,从历时的角度,对“非终结性动词”理论作了进一步的探索,提出“相对非终结性”的说法,解释了部分“通过”从动词向介词衍化以及语义发展的过程。同时分析了动词义和介词义之间在语义上的延续。最后阐述这种探索方法给予汉语介词研究的一些启示。     

动名兼类和动词名用的区别

本文力求说明汉语动名兼类词和动词名用的区别，并根据双音节复合动词与数量词组(几)“个”的组合能力来划分两者的界限。     

从错误分析理论研究汉译英中的动词翻译

汉语动词的英译在汉译英题中占有较大比例,但汉语动词翻译成英语时往往会受母语影响而简单翻译为对应的英语动词或动词短语,从而出现各种各样的语法及中式英语错误。本文将运用错误分析理论总结分析学生在汉语动词英译过程中出现的错误。     

现代汉语“动宾动词＋宾语”结构及其与英语的关系

本文是关于现代汉语新现象“动宾动词＋宾语”现象的分析和总结,分析了这一结构与英语的关系。文章介绍了“动宾动词＋宾语”产生的基础,从内外两个方面介绍了古汉语和英语对这一现象的影响,说明了其结构特点和内在规律,阐释了这一用法与英语的密切关系。     

从功能对等角度看汉语兼语句的英译

英汉句子结构存在着差别,尤其体现在谓语动词上。相对英语而言,汉语兼语句为汉语一大特色。本文从分析汉语兼语句的结构特征入手,通过英汉句子谓语动词对比,以奈达的功能对等理论为指导探讨汉语兼语句的英译方法。     

火留学生的混用偏误分析比较英语情态动词和汉语能愿动词

英语情态动词和汉语能愿动词在各自的语种当中互相对应而又相对封闭，具备跨语言的可比性，但此种可比性容易在语言的习得中形成负迁移，对语言学习者造成了一定的干扰，造成了迁移性语际偏误。本文仅就少数有代表性的例句进行偏误分析，并就此现象对比分析英语情态动词和汉语能愿动词。     

“尽力”的英语表达探析

汉语中的“尽力”一词在英语中拥有多种表达方式，探讨并掌握这些不同的表达方式对提高该词在英文中表达的灵活性具有重要意义。本文从名词词组、动词词组及习语等维度对“尽力”一词在英语中的多种表达方式进行了探析。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the