不同植被覆盖对查干湖湿地土壤腐殖质的影响

为探究不同植被覆盖对查干湖湿地土壤腐殖质的影响,以查干湖湿地为研究对象,从土壤环境与植物之间响应关系的角度出发,分析不同剖面、5种不同类型植被(芦苇+香蒲、芦苇+苔藓、碱蓬、水稗、芦苇)土壤腐殖质碳含量变化及其红外光谱结构特点。结果表明：盐碱湿地土壤中的腐殖质碳、胡敏酸碳、富里酸碳的含量变化趋势呈现深层大于浅层,胡敏素碳的含量远小于胡敏酸碳和富里酸碳,土层深度对于腐殖质组分影响明显,且不同植被土壤腐殖质碳含量总体呈现出芦苇>水稗>碱蓬>芦蒲>芦苔的趋势;胡敏酸和富里酸在不同植被土壤中的化学结构相似,具有相同的官能团。研究结果对揭示盐碱湿地土壤腐殖质的形成与转化具有一定理论意义和实践意义,为查干湖盐碱湿地土壤环境修复及优势植被筛选提供基础数据及科学指导。     

津冀3个盐渍化沼泽湿地土壤团聚体有机碳的分布特征

为了研究盐渍化沼泽土壤团聚体中有机碳的区域分布特征对湿地土壤碳循环的影响,选取津冀地区3个咸化沼泽湿地(北大港、七里海和白洋淀)为研究对象,分别采集表层(0～15 cm)和亚表层(15～30 cm)土壤样品,基于湿筛法得到4个不同粒级的土壤团聚体,通过酸化法去除无机碳后,对其有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)含量进行测定与分析.结果表明:①北大港湿地土壤表层总SOC含量显著高于七里海和白洋淀,七里海湿地亚表层总SOC含量显著高于白洋淀,但与北大港湿地无显著差异;②北大港、七里海和白洋淀湿地表层均以粒径 0.250 mm的大团聚体为主;七里海湿地亚表层以粒径 0.250 mm的大团聚体为主,而北大港湿地和白洋淀湿地亚表层则以粒径为0.250～2.000 mm的中间团聚体、粒径为0.053～0.250 mm的微团聚体和矿质颗粒组分为主;③北大港湿地表层土壤各粒级团聚体和矿质颗粒SOC含量显著高于七里海和白洋淀;在亚表层土壤中,北大港湿地大团聚体( 0.250 mm)的SOC含量显著高于七里海和白洋淀大团聚体SOC的含量,而七里海微团聚体(0.053～0.250 mm)和矿质颗粒组分的SOC含量显著高于北大港和白洋淀湿地的.④土壤总有机碳和各粒级团聚体的有机碳含量与湿地植物生物量(地上、根)呈负相关关系,但与土壤盐度呈正相关关系,表明该区盐渍化梯度尽管抑制了植物生长,但增加了有机碳含量,这可能是因为该盐度梯度抑制了微生物对有机质的矿化分解,从而有利于湿地土壤有机碳的累积,说明盐渍化影响津冀地区咸化湿地土壤有机碳库分异的过程机理亟需进一步深入研究.     

有机物添加对山西太岳山油松林土壤呼吸及碳组分的影响

【目的】 探讨添加不同类型有机物对油松林土壤有机碳组分及土壤呼吸的影响,为预测山西太岳山油松林生态系统中土壤的碳收支平衡提供参考。【方法】 采用随机区组设计,以山西太岳山油松林地表的平均自然凋落物量为标准,向油松林地0~20 cm土壤中分别添加生物炭(BC)、玉米秸秆(JG)、辽东栎叶(LD)和油松叶(YS)等4种类型有机物,使用LI-8100 CO₂通量全自动测量系统对有机物添加条件下的土壤呼吸速率进行连续测定,并对各处理的土壤有机碳(SOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化碳(ROC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量进行监测,结合土壤呼吸与土壤有机碳及其组分之间的关系,探讨添加有机物对山西太岳山油松林土壤呼吸及碳组分的影响。【结果】 ①向土壤中添加BC显著降低了土壤呼吸速率,添加JG后土壤呼吸速率较CK显著提高了11.67%。,其余处理与CK差异不显著。在2014年7—11月和2015年5—10月,不同添加物处理间土壤呼吸速率从大至小表现为JG>LD >YS>CK。②有机物添加下土壤SOC含量随时间的增加有上升的趋势,在2014年8月,添加JG后显著提高了土壤SOC、MBC、ROC、DOC含量,添加BC显著提高了土壤MBC含量,添加LD和YS显著提高了土壤SOC和MBC含量。在2014年10月,添加JG显著提高了土壤SOC、MBC、ROC、DOC含量,添加LD显著提高了土壤MBC和ROC含量,添加YS显著提高了土壤SOC、MBC含量。在2015年3月,添加JG显著提高了土壤SOC、MBC和ROC含量,添加LD显著提高了土壤ROC含量。2015年5月,添加JG显著增加了土壤MBC含量。③与对照相比,添加BC后土温10 ℃时的土壤呼吸速率(R₁₀)显著降低了18.01%,添加YS后R₁₀显著增加了30.88%,添加其他有机物对温度敏感性系数(Q₁₀)和R₁₀没有显著影响。④土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度、SOC、MBC、ROC和DOC含量显著正相关。【结论】 添加有机物显著影响土壤碳动态和土壤温湿度,这些都会对土壤CO₂排放产生显著影响,添加JG对土壤有机碳及其碳组分的提高效果最显著,但土壤呼吸速率最高,不利于碳的储存;添加LD可增加土壤活性有机碳含量,短期内可明显改善土壤有机碳库质量;添加BC可在短期内提高土壤微生物生物量碳含量,并显著降低土壤呼吸速率,减少土壤CO₂排放的效果最好。     

南京市不同功能区城市林业土壤有机碳含量与分布

为了解城市化过程中人为活动对城市林业土壤性质及土壤碳库的影响,以南京市土壤为对象,测定了7类功能区城市林业土壤0～30 cm土层的总有机碳(SOC)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化态碳(ROC)和轻组有机碳(LFOC)的含量,分析了城市林业土壤有机碳的分布规律及其相互关系。结果表明:城市林业土壤表层(0～10 cm)活性有机碳富集特征明显,土壤活性有机碳含量随着土层加深而减小,人为干扰对土壤有机碳含量影响较大; 城郊天然林土壤积累了较高含量的ROC和MBC,道路绿化带土壤由于交通源有机物质的输入,SOC、DOC、LFOC含量较高。人类活动频繁的居民区、公园和校园的土壤活性有机碳各组分含量多处于较低水平。研究表明,土壤总有机碳与各活性有机碳之间有显著相关关系。     

红壤丘陵区不同地类活性有机碳分布特征及与草本生物量关系

以南方红壤丘陵区荒地、松林、草地坡地小区为研究对象,在研究了土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳和草本生物量分布特征影响规律的基础上,深入探讨了不同土地利用方式下土壤活性有机碳与草本生物量的定量关系.结果表明不同土地利用方式对土壤易氧化有机碳(ROC)、水溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)以及草本生物量的分布特征均有重要影响,其中草地坡面小区的活性有机碳各组分和草本生物量均高于荒地和松林小区;定量关系研究表明,影响荒地、松林和草地草本生物量的活性有机碳组分分别为DOC,ROC,DOC和MBC,其中荒地坡面DOC主要通过土壤有机碳(SOC)对草本生物量产生影响.     

乌岩岭不同林分土壤有机碳含量及分布特征

【目的】浙江乌岩岭森林生态系统濒临太平洋,具有独特的海洋性气候,在中国亚热带地区具有重要地位,探究该区域不同林分土壤有机碳含量及其分布特征,可为提高土壤碳库管理水平,推动森林生态系统的可持续经营与发展提供参考。【方法】用岛津TOC-L_CPH总有机碳分析仪测定了7种林分(松林、杉木林、柳杉林、阔叶林、混交林、竹林、茶园)土壤有机碳(SOC)及水溶性有机碳(WSOC)含量,并分析了其与土壤因子的关系。【结果】7种林分的SOC和WSOC含量都呈现出了随土层深度增加而减少的规律,具有明显的垂直分布特征。各土层SOC含量均以杉木林最高,≥10～25 cm与≥25～40 cm两土层WSOC含量亦是在杉木林中最高。WSOC与SOC含量之比为0.59%～1.51%,以杉木林≥25～40 cm土层的最高,以松林≥25～40 cm土层的最低。SOC含量与土壤密度、pH分别存在极显著(P<0.01)与显著线性负相关(P<0.05),WSOC含量与土壤密度、pH均存在极显著线性负相关(P<0.01)。【结论】乌岩岭土壤密度与pH均为影响林分SOC和WSOC含量的重要因素。     

黄土丘陵区土地利用类型对土壤微生物特征和碳密度的影响

利用氯仿熏蒸法测定陕北黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型下土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)和微生物生物量磷(MBP),并用常规方法测定土壤有机碳(SOC)和容重(BD),计算土壤有机碳密度(SOCD).研究结果表明:各样地表层土壤MBC、MBN、MBP分别在84.14～512.78、4.29～41.83、3.40～12.39 mg/kg之间,微生物商(MBC/SOC)在2.84%～7.83%之间;土壤呼吸量(SR)在55.43～140.37 mL/kg之间;MBC与SOC和SR呈极显著正相关,说明MBC不仅是SOC变化的敏感指标,并可用于指示土壤微生物活性;农地转变为人工林地和草地后会明显提高土壤微生物生物量和有机碳密度,表层土壤增幅最明显.     

长白山不同海拔原始红松林土壤活性有机碳含量的生长季动态

【目的】研究长白山原始红松林土壤可溶性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、微生物生物量碳(microbial biomass carbon,MBC)、易氧化碳(easily oxidized organic carbon,EOC)的含量随海拔变化的垂直地带性规律、生长季动态及差异机制。【方法】以长白山海拔699~1 177 m的原始红松阔叶林为对象,以100 m为间隔选择原始红松林,同一海拔设置3块重复样地,在每个样地内选取10个随机观察样方(15 cm×15 cm)。分析0~20 cm表层土中土壤3种活性有机碳的含量随海拔及生长季的动态变化。【结果】原始红松林土壤DOC含量随海拔升高而增大,EOC含量除在1 177 m处较低外,在海拔699~1 044 m间整体上呈现出高海拔处大于低海拔的趋势;MBC含量仅在5、6月表现为低海拔处大于高海拔,其他月份也呈现出与EOC相同的规律。3种活性有机碳占土壤总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)比例分别在0.10%~1.45%、0.08%~2.18%和5.20%~69.18%之间,随海拔变化规律与其含量变化规律相似。在5—10月的生长季内,3种土壤活性有机碳含量及占TOC比例在月份间差异显著(P0.05)。土壤DOC含量最高值出现在9月,MBC含量在6月和9月较高,EOC含量的最高值则出现在5月和6月。土壤活性有机碳各组分含量与土壤有效氮、有效磷、有效钾、p H、含水率、容重的相关性均达到显著水平(P0.05),且与土壤含水率的相关性最强(r=0.835)。【结论】处于海拔699~818 m间原始红松林的土壤有机碳库稳定性更高,土壤碳汇功能更强。土壤碳素的积累主要发生在5、7、8、10月,此期TOC分解速度较慢,土壤碳汇功能更强。森林土壤活性有机碳含量可作为衡量土壤中N、P、K动态变化的敏感性指标。     

天津北大港沼泽湿地土壤团聚体碳组分对长期开垦的响应

为研究滨海湿地消亡与退化过程中土壤团聚体碳组分的变化情况,选取天津北大港盐渍化芦苇沼泽湿地和对应长期开垦的农田为研究对象,分别采集表层(0～15 cm)和亚表层(15～30 cm)的土壤,利用湿筛法得到大团聚体(2.000 mm)、中团聚体(0.250～2.000 mm)、微团聚体(0.053～0.250 mm)和矿质颗粒组分(0.053 mm)共4个土壤团聚体粒级组分,并利用元素分析仪对其有机碳和无机碳含量进行测定和分析.结果表明:①湿地开垦后,表层土壤大团聚体比例显著下降了82%,微团聚体和矿质颗粒组分比例分别显著增加了181%和57%,亚表层土壤中团聚体和微团聚体比例分别显著增加了40%和113%,矿质颗粒组分比例显著下降了61%.②开垦后,除了亚表层土壤的矿质颗粒组分外,土壤各粒级团聚体有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)含量均显著降低(-35%～206%),其中,中团聚体SOC含量对开垦响应最敏感.③开垦显著增加了土壤无机碳(soilinorganiccarbon,SIC)的含量,表层和亚表层土壤增幅分别为25%和137%,可见无机碳多富集在下层土壤中;但大团聚体组分的无机碳含量下降,占比下降了41%.④湿地开垦后,表层全土及各组分总碳(total carbon,TC)含量均显著降低了26%～50%,亚表层全土TC含量增加了16%,其中矿质颗粒组分TC含量的增加(65%)弥补了大团聚体和中团聚体TC的减少.综上,长期开垦改变了湿地土壤团聚体的分布和土壤结构,显著降低了有机碳和表层土壤的总碳含量,从而削弱了滨海湿地的碳汇和肥力等重要功能;但开垦增加了无机碳含量(68%),这在一定程度上减缓了碳库的流失,因此今后在滨海盐渍化湿地地区应进一步关注无机碳的动态变化.     

疏伐措施对大熊猫廊道云杉林土壤养分特征及微生物碳氮的短期影响

以大熊猫廊道云杉人工林为研究对象,对次生低效云杉林进行了透光疏伐和林下植被改造,分析了疏伐1a后云杉林不同土层养分和微生物碳氮特征.结果表明:与未疏伐的云杉林相比,疏伐后云杉林总养分有所下降,但有效养分增加,且土壤微生物碳氮也增加.疏伐后表层土土壤有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)分别下降了20.65%、20.73%和75.72%,而硝态氮(NN)、铵态氮(AN)、速效钾(AK)和有效磷(AP)分别升高了40.70%、13.26%和37.20%和43.30%,土壤微生物碳(MBC)、土壤微生物氮(MBN)、微生物碳熵(qMBC=w(MBC)/w(TOC))、微生物氮熵(qMBN=w(MBN)/w(TN))分别升高了27.23%、25.24%和42.42%、28.93%,亚表层土也具有相似的结果.疏伐后表土层碳磷比(C/P=w(TOC)/w(TP))和氮磷比(N/P=w(TN)/w(TP))大幅度升高,而亚表层碳氮比(C/N=w(TOC)/w(TN))和微生物碳氮比(MBC/MBN=w(MBC)/w(MBN))显著降低. MBC、MBN与各有效养分呈正相关,MBC与TN、TOC无相关性,MBC/MBN与TN、TOC、AN、AK、C/N呈显著负相关.疏伐改造一方面提高了云杉人工林土壤有效养分和微生物量,但另一方面可能导致土壤有机质有所不足,在后续措施中需要加强林地特别是林下层对有机质的补偿作用.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.