Near-field surface displacement and permanent deformation induced by the Alaska Mw 7.5 earthquake determined by high-rate real-time ambiguity-fixed PPP solutions

High-rate GPS data from the United States continuously operating reference stations in the Alaska region are processed using the recently developed precise point positioning （PPP） technique. The traditional PPP technique does not fix ambiguities into their integers because these ambiguities do not have an integer nature when data from a single receiver, as well as precise orbit and clock corrections, are used. Additional corrections, i.e., uncalibrated phase delay （UPD）, are needed to fix integer ambiguities and consequently improve positioning accuracy. This study proposes a methodology to compute for wide-lane and L2 （the second L-band frequency） UPDs using the geometry-based model and subsequently applies these parameters to the computation for ambiguity-fixed solutions. The instantaneous displacements of near-field sites, as well as the permanent deformations after the earthquake, are therefore obtained for the January 5, 2013, Alaska earthquake. The real-time performance of PPP solutions are assessed by considering realistic data latency and data interval of corrections. Ambiguity-fixed solutions are compared with ambiguity-float ones. The comparison shows that the positioning accuracy can be improved significantly when the ambiguities are fixed correctly. The solutions using the real-time corrections are also compared with those using post-processing corrections, i.e., Center for Orbit Determination in Europe final orbit and clock. Although the accuracy is somehow degraded because of the data latency and data interval, the real-time results are satisfactory for use in monitoring the small-scale deformation （1-2 cm） caused by the Alaska earthquake. In addition, the kinematic ambiguity-fixed PPP solutions for 7 days around the earthquake are calculated to obtain permanent pre- and post-earthquake deformations. The deformations computed from real-time and post-processing corrections do not appear to be significantly different.     

DGPS for outdoor mobile Robots by a wireless LAN

With the cancellation of SA in 2000, the precision of GPS has been improved, widening the field of GPS applications. This range of applications includes the measurement of the position of mobile robots. Because the precision of point positioning by GPS is approximately 22mCEP, positioning such objects as automatically controlled oil tankers can be done with good results. However in the case of mobile robots the size of a human, point positioning does not provide enough precision. But with a differential system, utilization involves obtaining information through radio networks, and international agreements written into law determine the radio frequencies that are permitted for use by citizens. For that reason the selection of radio equipment is a very difficult problem for DGPS. In Japan one radio system attracting attention recently is the wireless LAN System, using IEEE802.11b. It is on the 2.4 GHz band, which is available without license, and functions on TCP/IP protocol. This report describes the experimental results of position measurement for a mobile robot using a wireless LAN to send data from a reference station to the robot. We examined what radio transmissions could be used effectively by the LAN.     

Strategies for 4-D regional modeling of water vapour using GPS

Global Positioning System (GPS) signals experience ranging errors due to propagation through the neutral atmosphere. These range delays consist of a hydrostatic component, dependent on air pressure and temperature, and a wet delay dependent on water vapour pressure and temperature.Range delays arising from the hydrostatic component can be computed with accuracies of a few millimeters using existing models, provided that surface barometric or meteorological data are available. By using a regional network of GPS reference stations, it is possible to recover estimates of the Slant Wet Delay to all satellites in view. Observations of the Slant Wet Delay (SWD) can be used to model the vertical and horizontal structure of water vapour over a local area. These techniques are based on a tomographic approach using the SWD as input observables, where 4-D models of the wet refractivity may be derived. This method allows improved resolution of water vapour estimates for precise positioning applications and assimilation into Numerical Weather Predictions (NWP). In this paper we present strategies for real-time modeling of wet refractivity, with simulations and preliminary results of data processing for a regional GPS network in Southern California.     

导航星座激光/微波星间链路协同时间同步方法研究

时间同步是卫星导航系统提供定位、导航以及授时服务的关键.星座自主运行模式下需要通过星间链路组网进行星座整网时间同步,以支持正常的导航定位服务.相比于微波链路,连续建链的激光链路可以提供时标统一的、更高精度的钟差测量结果.本文提出一种星座自主运行模式下激光/微波星间链路协同时间同步方法.通过连续观测的激光星间链路建立时间比对网络,基于加权平均算法生成星间时间基准;激光比对网络外卫星通过时分体制微波链路,利用分布式卡尔曼滤波算法溯源至星间时间基准,实现星座整网时间同步.基于新一代北斗星座进行整网时间同步性能仿真,激光/微波协同时间同步方法生成的时间基准相比微波星间链路生成的时间基准,短期、中期稳定度均有明显提高,整网时间同步误差标准差优于0.05 ns.     

基于改进粒子滤波算法的GPS多路径效应理论与试验研究

为了有效地提高GPS定位结果的精度,进行了多路径误差的理论与试验研究.建立了一套GPS多路径信号模拟与监测系统,通过在流动站天线不同高度、不同距离处放置反射板,获取了连续两天的GPS监测数据;将改进的粒子滤波算法用于GPS数据后处理中.结果表明,改进的粒子滤波算法能够有效地消除GPS信号接收机本身的系统噪声,消噪后连续两天多路径信号的相关性较消噪前有了大幅度提高.通过比较发现,反射物在不同距离引起的多路径误差具有一定的规律性,随着距离的增加多路径误差逐渐减小,且在增加相同距离的情况下减小的幅度越来越小.     

浅论GPS的全球定位原理

本文简要介绍以卫星为基础的GSP－全球定位系统，主要论述卫星多普勒定位原理和测距解析原理。GSP将是世界上最佳的定位系统。由于GPS将近完成，NNSS－子午仪导航卫星系及大部分台、站导航系统将被逐步淘汰。     

多参考站网络的虚拟观测值生成算法

讨论了GPS观测值误差改正方法,提出了一种基于多参考站的GPS观测值向流动站用户发布虚拟观测值的算法.该算法通过参考站的已知精确坐标和已经解算的模糊度计算参考站间双差空间相关误差,然后内插局域网内任意一点空间相关误差作为改正数.当只使用3个参考站时使用线性内插法,多于3个参考站时使用曲面拟合或最小二乘平差方法等内插方法.用内插获得的改正数改正离流动站最近的参考站(主参考站)的观测值,形成虚拟观测值,然后发送给流动站用户,流动站用户仍然应用已有的单参考站GPS定位算法进行定位.通过对江苏局域参考站网络收集的实测数据计算分析证明了本文算法的有效性,达到厘米级定位精度.     

北斗二号/三号融合的分米级星基增强算法与性能分析

北斗卫星导航系统星基增强服务通过地球静止卫星向用户播发等效钟差、轨道改正数、电离层格网改正数和分区综合改正数等四重广域差分改正数,用户在此基础上利用载波相位观测值实现实时分米级的定位性能.本文介绍了分米级星基增强服务的参数匹配算法以及单频、双频用户精密定位模型.将系统播发的四重差分改正数应用于北斗二号与三号融合的精密单点定位,分析了不同频点及定位模型的系统精密定位服务性能.18个测站7 d的结果表明:北斗二号/三号融合的星基增强服务双频组合动态精密单点定位平均12.42 min收敛至0.5 m以内,收敛后的平均定位精度为平面0.15 m,高程0.2 m;相比仅使用北斗二号系统,不同定位模型收敛时间平均缩短了56.7%;而基于非差非组合的分区定位收敛速度更快,并且能达到与无电离层组合模型相同的精度水平.使用北斗电离层格网信息改正的单频动态定位PPP平均11.74 min收敛至0.8 m以内,收敛后的平均定位精度为平面0.2 m,高程0.3 m;相比使用广播星历电离层模型改正的结果,静态和动态定位平均收敛时间分别缩减了21.4%和25.2%.     

An analysis of single point positioning with real-time internet-based precise GPS data

Single Point Positioning (SPP) is currently capable of providing position accuracy of several meters. To obtain a better accuracy, the Differential GPS (DGPS) method must be applied. For large-scale applications such as aerial survey and mapping, however,the requirement of a base station(s) in conventional DGPS often become problematic in practice due to the increased operational cost and complexity. Recently a concept of Global Differential GPS (GDGPS) has attracted increasing interests among the GPS communities. GDGPS has the same user's implementation as SPP,but its accuracy is augmented by the globally or regionally distributed precise GPS data currently including precise satellite orbit and clock corrections. The major advantage of GDGPS lies in two aspects: system simplicity at the user's end, and globally consistent positioning accuracy. This paper presents GDGPS positioning results using the precise GPS data generated by the Natural Resources Canada (NRCan). NRCan's precise data can be retrieved real-time from Internet base on Virtual Private Network (VPN) and Multicast technology. The packet delay and Packet Loss Rate (PLR) of multicasting over Intemet will first be investigated.The total latency of precise GPS data as well as the position accuracyof GDGPS will then be analyzed. The numerical results have shown that a meter to half-meter level accuracy is obtainable based on epoch-by-epoch data processing. With phase-smoothed code observations, the positioning accuracy can be further improved.     

精密定位软件研制与应用

介绍了GPS精密静态定位软件LTW_BS的改正模型、预处理和解算模型,及其对2年上海CORS网的数据以及江苏CORS网70个站的数据处理情况.结果表明,计算结果正确,软件运行稳定可靠.对于基线长度100 km区域网静态定位精度能够达到mm级,对于上千km的大区域定位精度优于2cm.     

GPS接收机在探月高速再入返回中的应用

在我国探月工程3期高速再入返回飞行任务中,惯性导航单元（IMU）为主要的导航敏感器.针对惯性器件误差累积特性引起测量误差恶化问题,提出了一种适用于高速再入返回场景、轻小型化、快速定位的GPS接收机,可与IMU数据融合实现轨道误差修正.飞行验证结果表明:GPS接收机在轨道高度4 911.3 km处实现首次定位,飞行过程中有效定位时间达16 min,两次穿越大气层中"黑障"区域.精度评估结果表明,GPS接收机位置均方根误差为3.67 m:速度均方根误差为0.19 m/s.该GPS接收机满足探月高速再入返回飞行任务要求,也可应用于中低轨道微小卫星和深空再入返回航天器.      

伪卫星增强GPS精密定位新方法

介绍了基于伪卫星技术的变形监测新概念,探讨了目前伪卫星定位存在的远近效应、多路径效应等关键技术问题,研究了伪卫星增强GPS的组合定位新方法.从分析精度因子着手,重点研究了伪卫星观测量加入对精度因子的影响,并以小东江坝山谷地域为试验区,计算了4种GPS与伪卫星组合方案中精度因子的变化情况.研究结果表明,采用伪卫星增强GPS定位显著降低了高程精度因子,从而大大提高了垂直方向的定位精度,使得GPS卫星在水平和垂直方向的定位精度相当.     

全球定位系统/北斗双系统定位优势的验证与分析

为了验证与分析全球定位系统（GPS）与北斗卫星导航系统联合定位相较于GPS单系统定位在亚太地区的优势,利用GPS/北斗双频双模接收机开展不同模式下的动/静态单点定位实验和实时动态差分法（RTK）实验,并通过对实测数据的分析,给出了北斗导航卫星对GPS单系统定位的影响.结果表明,GPS/北斗双系统卫星观测相对于GPS单系统在卫星可视数量、卫星对于测站的几何分布、扩大连续运行参考站系统（CORS）网的作用范围等方面有很大的优势,而且双系统组合定位算法有效地提高了接收机的定位性能.     

综合GPS和NCEP在区域降雨预报中的应用研究

利用GPS估计大气可降雨量（Precipitable Water Vapor,PWV）时,除了需要GPS观测数据外,还需要对相应的GPS测站进行气象观测.然而,我国多数GPS网是用于大地测量学的应用与研究,并未配备相应的气象传感器.针对这一情况,本文利用美国环境预报中心（NCEP）和国家大气研究中心（NCAR）联合推出的逐6h再分析资料,提出一种GPS测站附近无气象传感器时估算PWV的新方法.利用此方法对上海地区的GPS数据进行试验,结果证明,即使在GPS测站附近没有气象观测设备时,地基GPS气象学同样能够获得精度较高的PWV,可以用于区域降雨预报.     

海上动态GPS大气可降水量信息反演

基于精密单点定位(PPP)技术,对海洋上空大气可降水量(PWV)信息反演方法进行研究。采用随机游走过程估计方法,动态模拟船载GPS接收机天顶对流层湿延迟(ZWD)在时间和空间尺度上的随机变化。利用渤海湾船载动态GPS测量数据和同步气象观测数据,结合海洋动态环境,以渤海湾MM5模式积分水汽为参考值,详细分析不同随机过程噪声约束和卫星截至高度角等因素对PWV提取精度的影响。结果表明,选取槡2～5mm/h的随机过程噪声约束以及7°～10°的卫星截至高度角,海上船载动态PWV反演结果与MM5模式积分水汽基本一致,其偏差的绝对值均小于3 mm,均方根误差优于1.2 mm。     

基于提升小波的多路径效应减少方法

数据后处理技术是解决高精度定位多路径效应的一个有效办法，而基于小波分析的多路径提取和消除技术是其中的一种正在发展中的有效手段之一。提出了一种基于提升小波技术的多路径高频噪声的消除方法。实验证实了该种方法是有效的，同时也证明了该方法实现的简单性和计算的高效率。     

Development of an ionospheric scintillation monitor using single frequency GPS receiver

Besides their intended use in radio navigation, global positioning system (GPS) satellite signals provide convenient radio beacons for ionospheric studies. Among other propagation phenomena, the ionosphere affects GPS signal propagation through amplitude scintillations that develop after radio waves propagation through ionospheric electron density irregularities. This paper outlines the design, testing, and results of a specialized GPS receiver to monitorL-band scintillations. The scintillation monitor system consists of a commercial GPS receiver development kit with its software designed to log signal strength and carrier phase from up to 12 channels at one sample per second rate. Other prime features of the monitor include the data compression transmission and processing. Here is the fact that they are inexpensive and compact and therefore can be readily proliferated. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49984001) Biography: Shu Di-fei (1973-), male, Master candidate, research direction: studying ionosphere on GPS beacons.     

挖掘机激光高程定位方法

为实现挖掘机的三维空间定位,在安装工作装置各关节角度传感器的基础上,又安装平台回转角度检测装置和平台倾角传感器,并在斗杆上安装激光接收仪用于检测地面激光发射器发射的水平激光相对于接收仪零位的高度。建立挖掘机的运动学模型,推导车体相对于大地的坐标变换矩阵,即完成三维空间的车体定位,并得到常用而简单的车体高程定位公式。然后,推导该定位车体位姿下铲斗坐标系相对于大地的坐标变换矩阵,导出挖掘深度定位公式,实现了挖掘机挖掘轨迹的三维空间定位,为实现挖掘机的三维空间轨迹精确控制与挖掘深度控制打下了基础。     

单频非差相位观测值的周跳探测与修复方法

周跳探测在高精度GPS(global positioning system)数据处理中一直都是比较重要的环节.实际数据处理中可根据具体测量模式和需求采用已有的若干经典周跳探测方法,但单频非差相位观测值的周跳探测与修复则比较困难.为此提出一种新的周跳探测方法,它是基于灰色理论对伪距和载波相位观测值构造的周跳检验量进行建模,通过模型预测检验量的阈值范围对比实测值来判断是否发生周跳.通过对实测GPS静态数据在不同采样率下分别进行周跳探测与修复算例分析,结果表明对于高采样率的非差相位观测数据能够快速和准确地修复周跳,为非差精密定位提供了较好的数据质量控制.     

基于非线性自适应回归神经网络的GPS/IMU组合导航方法

车道级高精度定位导航是智能网联汽车的基本配置,全球定位系统(globlal positioning system,GPS)/惯性测量单元(inertial meansurement unit,IMU)组合导航是高精度定位的关键技术之一。根据汽车行驶过程中高精度定位要求,提出了应用于智能网联汽车的基于非线性自适应回归(nonlinear autoregressive exogenous,NARX)神经网络的GPS/IMU组合导航方法。首先,根据IMU传感器数据特性,建立了基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的惯性导航系统(inertial navigation system,INS)模型,其次,基于NARX神经网络,建立了GPS/INS组合定位训练和预测模型,然后,基于全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)、实时动态差分技术(real-time kinematic,RTK)、INS等技术,设计了智能网联汽车RTK高精度定位数据采集实验系统,并收集了实验数据。最后,对NARX网络训练误差和GNSS信号长时间失效情况下定位预测误差进行了讨论与分析。实验结果表明,该方法在GNSS信号失效5 min情况下,定位预测误差在2. 5 m以内,满足一般情况下,短、中、长隧道中智能网联汽车定位应用要求。