13个球状星团的单星和双星星族合成研究

分别采用单星星族演化模型和双星星族演化模型对13个球状星团进行了研究.结果表明:球状星团是年老且金属丰度低的星团;单星星族模型和双星星族模型拟合得到的年龄和金属丰度的相对结果是一致的,但绝对结果有区别,区别在于:用单星星族模型拟合得到的星族年龄比双星星族的年龄明显偏小,而金属丰度稍大.由于双星普遍存在是不争的事实,使用双星星族模型得到的球状星团年龄可以更好地限制宇宙年龄的下限和进行更深层次的研究.     

双星星族合成及其研究进展

研究表明:大约一半以上的恒星是双星,而且大部分双星与单星的演化明显不同,所以在星族合成中考虑双星的演化(即双星星族合成)对天体物理研究有重要意义。它因此被列为未来几十年星族合成的六大挑战之一。从双星星族合成的提出、关键研究内容和近几年的主要研究进展三个方面对双星星族合成方法进行了概述,其中重点阐述双星星族与单星星族的差别以及双星星族模型对天体物理研究的影响。     

LAMOST与APOGEE同源恒星的谱线指数分析

星系中恒星星族的丰度模式研究可以揭示星系的化学演化历史。恒星星族的丰度模式分析的常用方法是使用元素丰度响应函数。利用从观测光谱得到的谱线指数,结合从理论光谱得到的元素丰度响应函数,可得到一些重要元素的丰度和相对比值。我们测量了LAMOST和APOGEE同源星的谱线指数,并且分析了3类(类α-元素族,类铁族,Hβ)谱线指数与Mg_2间的关系。此外还发现Hβ谱线指数可以大体上区分矮星与巨星。     

双星对星族合成研究的重要性

观测显示星系中的大部分恒星是双星,因此星族合成研究必须考虑双星的作用。综述双星对星族合成研究的重要性。主要讨论了双星对早型星系和球状星团的能谱、谱指数、颜色、颜色一星等图、星系参数确定和恒星形成历史研究的影响。主要结论为双星有助于对星系和星团的光谱、颜色一星等图的解释,以及对星系和星团多个参数的准确确定。因此,双星是准确星族合成研究的必然要求。     

一对近邻大质量早型星系的并合性质

星系并合在星系的形成与演化中具有关键作用,利用深度曝光成像观测数据,研究了一对相互作用星系的并合性质以及其中一个星系壳状结构的起源.结果表明:壳状结构的g-i颜色较星系中心处蓝,多波段能谱分布显示壳状结构的u*波段颜色较核心更蓝.这说明星族年龄更年轻或金属丰度更低,因此壳状结构来源于次并合,其所产生的壳状结构为主星系贡献了14.1%的恒星质量. 2个星系各自整体的能谱分布表明它们的星族性质十分接近,结合中性氢的观测结果可知这对星系正在进行主干并合(major dry merger).通过对并合时标的估算得出在没有新的并合事件发生的情况下,这对星系将在～1.4 Gyr后并合成为1个恒星质量为～2×1011M⊙的贫气体星系.     

强钡星和弱钡星的比较

利用星风吸积模型,计算了钡星的初始质量和AGB伴星的金属丰度对弱钡星和强钡星超丰因子的影响,计算了弱钡星和强钡星重元素(Y,Nd)丰度随轨道周期终值的变化,并和观测值作了比较.由此得出结论:强钡星和弱钡星的区别主要是金属丰度不同(即年代不同),而不是轨道距离;弱钡星和强钡星相比,属于较年轻、质量较大、金属丰度较丰富的星族;这就意味,s-元素的核合成在低金属丰度星族更有效产生.     

银盘恒星的金属丰度与轨道参数的关系

银盘的金属丰度梯度可以为银河系的结构和化学演化模型提供直接的观测约束, 但是关于银盘是否存在金属丰度梯度以及梯度如何分布目前仍无定论, 需要确切知道银盘的不同星族成分是否给出相似的丰度梯度. 我们基于近年来两个大样本恒星的观测工作, 从其共有的恒星样本中选取出恒星年龄比较一致(年龄差别在3 Gyr以内)的4004颗恒星样本, 用运动学标准区分恒星的星族成分, 确定了3855颗薄盘星和146颗厚盘星, 分别讨论了薄盘和厚盘恒星的金属丰度[Fe/H]与轨道偏心率e、径向平均轨道半径R_m以及最大银盘法向距离Z_max的关系. 结果表明: (1) 银盘恒星的轨道偏心率随金属丰度的增加而逐渐变小, 厚盘恒星的轨道偏心率(e>0.25)明显大于薄盘恒星(e<0.20), 但当[Fe/H]>-0.3以后银盘恒星的轨道偏心率几乎保持不变; (2) 沿银盘径向, 薄盘总体上存在明显的金属丰度梯度, 但这一丰度梯度分布由内到外是不连续的, 内盘(Rm<8 kpc)丰度梯度接近于0, 外盘(R_m≥8 kpc)丰度梯度为-0.12 dex/kpc. 厚盘几乎不存在径向金属丰度梯度; (3) 沿银盘法向, 厚盘和薄盘存在明显的金属丰度梯度, 大小分别为-0.15 dex/kpc和-0.25 dex/kpc, 而且薄盘和厚盘的法向丰度梯度都表现出随银河系演化而逐渐变陡的趋势. 我们的结果支持关于银盘形成和演化的坍缩机制.     

团星系和场星系的恒星形成性质

通过对团星系和场星系的聚度参数、特征恒星形成率、星系中包含的恒星质量、金属丰度等物理参量的比较,研究了处在不同引力环境中星系的恒星形成性质.研究表明,聚度高的星系主要居于星系团中,大部分低质量星系是场星系,星系的特征恒星形成率与恒星质量和金属丰度之间存在着显著的相关.另外,团星系和场星系在红移小于0.1的范围内仍表现出了明显的宇宙学演化效应.     

费米GRB170826B时间分辨谱的同步辐射拟合

采用光滑截断双幂律谱(Band)、单幂率同步(SYNPL)和拐折幂率同步(SYNBPL)三个模型拟合费米GBM亮暴GRB170826B的时间分辨谱,并计算谱宽度W和谱锐度角θ,得到以下结果:(1)三个模型对该暴的能谱拟合较好并且拟合结果基本一致,表明同步模型能够解释该暴的能谱;(2)GRB170826B的单幂率同步p指数在4.88左右,Band和SYNBPL给出它的高能光谱比较陡,并且需要更多的高能光子来准确限制高能谱指数;(3)使用谱宽度W和谱锐度角θ等辅助量来测试同步模型解释伽马暴谱能力的方法存在争议,因为比较同步谱和伽马暴谱的这两个量表明有些伽马暴谱不能被同步解释,而这些谱却能被同步模型拟合.     

元素星系化学演化的分析解

利用瞬时循环近似，考虑元素产率随金属丰度的变化，得出了主要金属元素星系化学演化的分析解，结合恒星核合成结果，计算了银河系中O元素、Mg元素、Na元素、Sc元素等丰度随金属丰度的变化规律，并与观测结果进行了比较。     

20个旋涡星系的测量

应用新的方法重新计算了PGC00281等20个非侧向漩涡星系的等值厚度,禁区半径,切向角,倾角等物理参数.这些参数是在对图像进行了对数螺旋拟合的基础上计算获得的.并与传统的方法做了比较,分析了测量结果.本文应用Peng提出的厚度公式计算得出了星系盘的等值厚度.希望这些物理参数对以后的星系研究有一定的帮助.     

Gas accretion as the origin of chemical abundance gradients in distant galaxies

It has recently been suggested that galaxies in the early Universe could have grown through the accretion of cold gas, and that this may have been the main driver of star formation and stellar mass growth. Because the cold gas is essentially primordial, it has a very low abundance of elements heavier than helium (referred to as metallicity). If funnelled to the centre of a galaxy, it will result in the central gas having an overall lower metallicity than gas further from the centre, because the gas further out has been enriched by supernovae and stellar winds, and not diluted by the primordial gas. Here we report chemical abundances across three rotationally supported star-forming galaxies at redshift z?≈?3, only 2?Gyr after the Big Bang. We find 'inverse' gradients, with the central, star-forming regions having lower metallicities than less active ones, which is opposite to what is seen in local galaxies. We conclude that the central gas has been diluted by the accretion of primordial gas, as predicted by 'cold flow' models.     

超新星的最新统计分析

用最新的Ａｓｉａｇｏ超新星表和ＲＣ３星系表分析了各类超新星在不同哈勃型星系中的分布;考虑了Ｉａ型超新星的峰值光度同光变曲线下降率的关系后,得出的哈常数值误差较小,表明近星系Ｉａ型超新星仍是一个较好的距离指示器;分析了高红移超新星宇宙学的紧密联系。     

SDSSDR9星系对中恒星形成速率的测量与研究

星系演化是天体物理研究领域的重要课题和前沿之一.其中,星系并合演化理论在其中具有至关重要的地位.恒星形成速率是这一研究的重要参数之一.近些年来,对于恒星形成速率测量方法的研究更是取得了长足的进展.本论文选取了SDSS DR9中0z≤0.3的3 444个星系对以及4 000个场星系作为样本,通过对恒星形成速率的计算来对比研究星系相互作用对星系演化所起的作用.     

A large population of galaxies 9 to 12 billion years back in the history of the Universe

To understand the evolution of galaxies, we need to know as accurately as possible how many galaxies were present in the Universe at different epochs. Galaxies in the young Universe have hitherto mainly been identified using their expected optical colours, but this leaves open the possibility that a significant population remains undetected because their colours are the result of a complex mix of stars, gas, dust or active galactic nuclei. Here we report the results of a flux-limited I-band survey of galaxies at look-back times of 9 to 12 billion years. We find 970 galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts between 1.4 and 5. This population is 1.6 to 6.2 times larger than previous estimates, with the difference increasing towards brighter magnitudes. Strong ultraviolet continua (in the rest frame of the galaxies) indicate vigorous star formation rates of more than 10-100 solar masses per year. As a consequence, the cosmic star formation rate representing the volume-averaged production of stars is higher than previously measured at redshifts of 3 to 4.     

A high abundance of massive galaxies 3-6 billion years after the Big Bang

Hierarchical galaxy formation is the model whereby massive galaxies form from an assembly of smaller units. The most massive objects therefore form last. The model succeeds in describing the clustering of galaxies, but the evolutionary history of massive galaxies, as revealed by their visible stars and gas, is not accurately predicted. Near-infrared observations (which allow us to measure the stellar masses of high-redshift galaxies) and deep multi-colour images indicate that a large fraction of the stars in massive galaxies form in the first 5 Gyr (refs 4-7), but uncertainties remain owing to the lack of spectra to confirm the redshifts (which are estimated from the colours) and the role of obscuration by dust. Here we report the results of a spectroscopic redshift survey that probes the most massive and quiescent galaxies back to an era only 3 Gyr after the Big Bang. We find that at least two-thirds of massive galaxies have appeared since this era, but also that a significant fraction of them are already in place in the early Universe.     

Global Spiral Patterns in Galaxies : A Review of the Density Wave Theory from the Theoretical Perspective

ＧｌｏｂａｌＳｐｉｒａｌＰａｔｅｒｎｓｉｎＧａｌａｘｉｅｓ：ＡＲｅｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅＤｅｎｓｉｔｙＷａｖｅＴｈｅｏｒｙｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌＰｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅＣｈｉａ－ＣｈｉａｏＬｉｎＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＭａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃｓ，...     

暗能量与暗物质的统一

大量可信的证据表明暗物质造成了许多漩涡星系的平坦的自转曲线;在爱因斯坦引力场方程中加入暗能量的能量动量张量后,通过假设星系中的暗能量是非均匀、球对称分布的,同样得到星系NGC3198的平坦的自转曲线,因而可认为暗物质和暗能量是同一种物质的两种表现,初步统一了暗能量和暗物质.     

对NGC5128星系50 kpc内表面亮度轮廓的研究

NGC5128是距离地球最近的、可通过地面望远镜直接分辨其中红巨星分支恒星的巨椭球星系。通过分辨并计数该星系外晕中的红巨星分支恒星, 研究其星系晕的表面亮度轮廓, 并对位于该星系外恒星晕主轴方向的内外两个视场的图像进行测光研究, 这些CCD图像来自Magellan/IMACS f/4望远镜的V和I两个波段。通过星等和颜色对红巨星分支恒星进行筛选, 最终在两个视场的图像中分别得到包含4719和980个红巨星分支恒星候选的样本, 并将外场样本用于对内场污染的估计和矫正。采用 Sersic定律对内场表面亮度轮廓进行拟合, 得到的最佳拟合参数为: V波段, r_e = 6.21角分, μ_e = 22.05 mag/arcsec², n = 1.90, 拟合误差为0.37星等; I波段, r_e = 6.57角分, μ_e =20.79 mag/arcsec², n = 1.90, 拟合误差为0.41星等。结果显示V和I波段的拟合结果一致, 并且在数据的精度内, 没有发现轮廓向晕族突变的迹象。     

A large population of 'Lyman-break' galaxies in a protocluster at redshift z approximately 4.1

The most massive galaxies and the richest clusters are believed to have emerged from regions with the largest enhancements of mass density relative to the surrounding space. Distant radio galaxies may pinpoint the locations of the ancestors of rich clusters, because they are massive systems associated with 'overdensities' of galaxies that are bright in the Lyman-alpha line of hydrogen. A powerful technique for detecting high-redshift galaxies is to search for the characteristic 'Lyman break' feature in the galaxy colour, at wavelengths just shortwards of Lyalpha, which is due to absorption of radiation from the galaxy by the intervening intergalactic medium. Here we report multicolour imaging of the most distant candidate protocluster, TN J1338-1942 at a redshift z approximately 4.1. We find a large number of objects with the characteristic colours of galaxies at that redshift, and we show that this excess is concentrated around the targeted dominant radio galaxy. Our data therefore indicate that TN J1338-1942 is indeed the most distant cluster progenitor of a rich local cluster, and that galaxy clusters began forming when the Universe was only ten per cent of its present age.