异三聚体G蛋白在拟南芥生长过程中的作用

利用拟南芥的野生型和异三聚体G蛋白α亚基基因GPA1缺失突变体(gpα1-1,gpα1-2)和超表达突变体(wGα,cGα)为材料,对植株生长发育的一些形态指标进行了观测比较．结果表明2个缺失突变体的植株高度、叶片宽度、长角果果柄长度都明显超过野生型,而超表达突变体的部分指标与野生型相比也有明显差别．实验结果表明,异三聚体G蛋白参与某些器官生长发育的调节,初步证明G蛋白α亚基在伸长生长过程中可能起负调节作用。     

全长人lrp基因及其截短和定点突变体真核表达载体的构建

为了对脂多糖应答基因（lrp）的功能进行深入的研究,实验用PCR及双PCR法扩增出lrp基因的截短体（lrp△C）和突变体（lrpm）序列,测序正确后将正常lrp基因及其截短体和突变体序列均连入真核表达载体pcDNA3．1（＋）,构建重组质粒pcDNA3．1（＋）-lrp、pcDNA3．1（＋）-lrp△C和pcDNA3．1（＋）-lrpm。DNA测序结果显示,PCR反应成功得到了lrp基因的截短体和突变体序列;重组质粒酶切鉴定结果显示：人lrp基因及其截短体、突变体成功连入了真核表达载体pcDNA3．1（＋）。     

具有溶菌酶的部分生物活性的α—乳清蛋白（^32His→Leu,^33Thr→Glu,^103Tyr→Ala）突变体

在溶菌酶催化机理以及α－乳清蛋白和溶菌酶同源比较的基础上,构建了含3个突变点的α－乳清蛋白突变体（H32L,T33E,Y103A）,并将其克隆到具有T7启动子的表达质粒pET28a（＋）中,在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）／pLys中获得高效表达,存在于包涵体中的目标蛋白经变复性并通过DEAE Sepharose Streamline和Sephacryl S200层析柱获得纯化蛋白,合成底物p-Nitrophenyl-β-D-N′,N″,N′″－Triacetyl-chitotriose [pNP-(NAcGlc)3]与突变体蛋白的反应时间曲线证明突变体蛋白了部分溶菌酶生物活性,为重组难蛋清溶菌酶（HEWL）的5．26％,利用等温滴定量热法测定突变体蛋白与五糖底物chitopentaose的平均热结合能为71．34kJ/mol,重组HEWL为105．47kJ/mol,实验表明,通过有限元的几个突变就可以使α－乳清蛋白获得溶菌酶的活性,这在分子水平上有力地佐证了两者的高度同源性和进化关系。     

黄瓜Cd^2＋抗性的变化及其与蛋白质组分改变的关系

研究了在不同浓度Cd^2＋液处理下,黄瓜幼苗（cucumis sativus．L）蛋白质组分与含量的改变及其对于幼苗生长的影响．实验结果显示,随Cd^2＋处理浓度的增加（0．2～1．0mmol／L）,黄瓜幼苗的根长、鲜重减少,叶绿素含量降低,但干重减少不明显．在1．0mmol／LCd^2＋溶液处理下,与对照相比,黄瓜幼苗的根、胚轴、叶绿体中的蛋白质组分发生变化,即蛋白缺失、新蛋白合成以及蛋白表达量的上调或下降,同时其生化性状（蛋白质组分、叶绿素含量）的变化与幼苗生长抑制呈正相关．     

甲状腺癌组织端粒酶激活与p16基因失活的关系

目的探讨甲状腺癌细胞增殖、分化与端粒酶激活及抑癌基因p16失活（缺失突变）之间可能存在的关系。方法应用TRAP、多重PCR、免疫组化法检测42例甲状腺癌与16例癌旁组织端粒酶活性、P16基因外显子2缺失、P16蛋白表达。结果甲状腺癌组端粒酶活性90．48％,高于癌旁组织（P〈0．01）;甲状腺癌p16基因外显子2纯合缺失率28．57％,相应癌旁组未检出（P〈0．01）;甲状腺癌P16蛋白表达缺失率40．48％,高于癌旁组（P〈0．05）;甲状腺癌P16蛋白表达缺失率高于p16基因外显子2缺失率。结论端粒酶激活与p16基因失活以及P16蛋白表达下调可能是甲状腺癌变过程中的重要分子事件,甲状腺癌中p16基因失活可能是端粒酶激活的一种途径。     

重组纤溶酶原激活剂及其突变体的表达研究

利用PCR技术 ,获得了人体组织型纤溶酶原激活剂tPAcDNA的缺失突变体———rPA ;在此基础上 ,运用定点突变技术 ,得到rPA的定点突变体———rPA(KHRR2 96～ 2 99AAAA) ,rPA(A473S)和二者的复合突变体rPA(KHRR2 96～2 99AAAA A473S) ;将rPA及其 3个突变体分别亚克隆至原核表达载体pET 2 8a( )中 ,获得表达载体pErA ,pErA(K) ,pErA(A)和pErA(KA) .酶切鉴定和序列分析结果均表明实现了实验设计的氨基酸突变 .表达载体转化大肠杆菌 ,经IPTG诱导、菌体裂解及SDS PAGE电泳分析发现 ,只缺失而无突变的pErA和突变的pErA(A)都未表达目的蛋白 ,突变体pErA(K)与pErA(KA)则获高水平表达 ;蛋白产量分别占菌体总蛋白的 35 .97%与 37.71% ,分子量均为 39.6kD .Westernblotting显示 ,表达产物与抗tPA抗体呈特异性阳性反应 .该产物经初步纯化后进行复性与活性 (mFAPA)测定 ,结果表明其复性产物具有明显的体外纤溶活性 .以上结果为rPA突变体的进一步纯化、体内活性研究以及规模化制备提供了基础     

虫荧光素酶N末端缺失

目的是通过虫荧光素酶Ｎ末端氨基酸的缺失,研究缺失对酶活性的影响。采用聚合酶链式反应的方法,构建虫荧光素酶Ｎ－末端缺失７,８,９个氨基酸残基的突变体,导入大肠杆菌ＤＨ５α菌株中直接得到表达,再分离纯化粗酶,并检测酶活。结果表明,Ｎ末端缺失７个氨基酸的突变体几乎没有活性（小于天然活性的０．５％）,Ｎ末端缺失８个以上氨基酸残基的突变体则完全丧失活性。由于Ｎ末端缺失６个氨基酸的突变体保持了７７％的酶活性,因而萤火虫荧光素酶Ｎ末端第７个氨基酸与酶的催化活性密切相关。     

低温胁迫对拟南芥G蛋白突变体SOD、POD酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响

采用分光光度法测定了低温胁迫下两种拟南芥G蛋白突变体的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）的活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化。结果表明：在低温12h,野生型（Ws）和突变体gpal-1的SOD酶活性迅速升高,分别为15．501U／mgprotein和9．453U／mgpro—tein,突变体gpal-2则在低温24h升至最高点,酶活性为6．325U／mgprotein。低温胁迫下,三种材料的POD酶活性都呈现降低趋势,而MDA含量呈上升趋势。初步证明外界低温刺激与植物细胞内G蛋白有一定的关联。     

反式激活HIV-1 LTR的HHV-6基因片段B701的缺失研究

ＨＨＶ－６在体外可以激活ＨＩＶＬＴＲ引导的基因表达［１］，其基因组中一基因片段Ｂ７０１已被证明与这种激活作用有关［２］．Ｂ７０１编码１４３个氨基酸的蛋白质，可与ＨＨＶ－６基因组中其它基因片段协同作用提高对ＨＩＶＬＴＲ的激活效力．对Ｂ７０１进行缺失突变，得到突变体ＲＳＶ－Ｂ７０１－ｄ１（３′端缺失１８１个ｂｐ）、ＲＳＶ－Ｂ７０１－ｄ６（３′端缺失３５３个ｂｐ），将这两个缺失突变体分别与ＨＩＶ－Ｌｕｃ共转染受体细胞，通过ＬＵＣ活性分析发现，缺失突变体ｄ１、ｄ６不但仍具有激活能力，而且ｄ６的激活能力要远远大于ｄ１．二级结构预测初步揭示了Ｂ７０１对ＨＩＶ－ＬＴＲ的反式激活作用机制，为阐明ＨＨＶ－６基因产物与ＡＩＤＳ的病理关系提供了依据．     

拟南芥atfes1a突变体种子的热敏感性分析

根据基因芯片数据等生物信息学资料,我们锁定一些未知的且被高温诱导的基因,并获得了一个推测编码蛋白含armadillo/beta-catenin repeat(简称ARM)结构域的突变体salk-021784,该突变体缺失AtFes1A基因,该基因编码一种受高温诱导的ARM 蛋白.利用抗体检测了在拟南芥种子发育过程中AtFes1A的热诱导表达特征, 通过表型分析发现,热处理后的突变体种子萌发率明显低于热处理后的野生型,表明AtFes1A蛋白与拟南芥耐热有关.     

Deletion analysis of oligomycin PKS genes （olmA） in Streptomyces arermitilis

Gene deletion vector pXL05(pKC1139::△olmA1 △olmA4) was used to disrupt oligomycin PKS encoding genes (olmA ) in Streptomyces avermitilis CZ8-73, the producer of anthelmintic avermectins B and the cell growth inhibitor oligomycin, olmA gene cluster in the chromosome was displaced by deletion allele on the plasmid via double crossover. Four of disruptants were confirmed by Southern blotting. Shaking flask experiments and HPLC analyses showed that the four mutants no longer produced the toxic oligomycin, but only made four components of avermectins B, which were avermectin Bla, Blb, B2a, B2b. The yields of avermectins B in these mutants were separately equal to those in CZ8-73. This revealed that olmA genes deletion did not affect the biosynthesis of avermectins. The deletion mutants were proved to be genetically stable, and thus might be promising strains in industrial production of avermectins B.     

Effect of internal deletion of Myosin II on growth and development ofDictyostelium discoideum

Four deletion mutantDictyostelium myosin II heavy chain genes, MyΔ824-941 (Δ1/ 3S2), MyΔ934-1454 (ΔS2), MyΔ934-1194 (ΔS2-1) and MyΔ1 157–1454 (ΔS2-2), were transformed by standard electfoporation into mhcA-cells (T-null), a mutantDictyostelium cell devoid of endogenous myosin II heavy chain gene. The growth, development and formation of fruiting bodies of cells expressing those mutant myosin II s under suspension culture were investigated by comparison with the wild type cell. The results indicate that internal deletion of myosin II affeds the growth and development ofDictyastelium. Furthermore, the longer the length of deletion, the more serious the defect in phenotype.     

Effect of internal deletion of Myosin Ⅱ on growth and development of Dictyostelium discoideum

Four deletion mutant Dictyostelium myosin Ⅱ heavy chain genes, MyΔ824-941 (Δ1/ 3S2), MyΔ934-1454 (ΔS2), MyΔ934-1194 (ΔS2-1) and MyΔ1157-1454 (ΔS2-2), were transformed by standard electroporation into mhcA- cells (T-null), a mutant Dictyostelium cell devoid of endogenous myosin Ⅱ heavy chain gene. The growth, development and formation of fruiting bodies of cells expressing those mutant myosin Ⅱ s under suspension culture were investigated by comparison with the wild type cell. The results indicate that internal deletion of myosin Ⅱ affects the growth and development of Dictyostelium. Furthermore, the longer the length of deletion , the more serious the defect in phenotype.     

Functional analysis of hydrogenases and their effects on cell growth and magnetosome synthesis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense</Emphasis>

This study addressed the effect of hydrogen metabolism on cell growth and magnetosome synthesis in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense strain MSR-1. Two deletion mutants were generated: L206, with single deletion of the hupL gene encoding H2-uptake [NiFe] hydrogenase; and B206, with double deletion of the hyaB gene encoding H2-producing [NiFe] hydrogenase and the hupL gene. The wild-type and mutant strains were compared in terms of hydrogen uptake capability, hydrogen yield, growth rate, and iron uptake, and o...     

Importance of NPA motifs in the expression and function of water channel aquaporin-1

The asparagine-proline-alanine sequences (NPA motifs) are highly conserved in aquaporin water channel family. Crystallographic studies of AQP1 structure demonstrated that the two NPA motifs are in the narrow central constriction of the channel, serving to bind water molecules for selective and effi-cient water passage. To investigate the importance of the two NPA motifs in the structure, function and biogenesis of aquaporin water channels, we generated AQP1 mutations with NPA1 deletion, NPA2 de-letion and NPA1,2 double deletion. The coding sequences of the three mutated cDNAs were subcloned into the mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.1 to form expression plasmids. We established stably transfected CHO cell lines expressing these AQP1 mutants. Immunofluorescence indicated that all the three mutated AQP1 proteins are expressed normally on the plasma membrane of stably transfected CHO cells, suggesting that deletion of NPA motifs does not influence the expression and intracellular processing of AQP1. Functional analysis demonstrated that NPA1 or NPA2 deletion reduced AQP1 water permeability by 49.6% and 46.7%, respectively, while NPA1,2 double deletion had little effect on AQP1 water permeability. These results provide evidence that NPA motifs are important for water per-meation but not essential for the expression, intracellular processing and the basic structure of AQP1 water channel.     

Autistic-like behaviours and hyperactivity in mice lacking ProSAP1/Shank2

Autism spectrum disorders comprise a range of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, and by repetitive behaviour. Mutations in synaptic proteins such as neuroligins, neurexins, GKAPs/SAPAPs and ProSAPs/Shanks were identified in patients with autism spectrum disorder, but the causative mechanisms remain largely unknown. ProSAPs/Shanks build large homo- and heteromeric protein complexes at excitatory synapses and organize the complex protein machinery of the postsynaptic density in a laminar fashion. Here we demonstrate that genetic deletion of ProSAP1/Shank2 results in an early, brain-region-specific upregulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors at the synapse and increased levels of ProSAP2/Shank3. Moreover, ProSAP1/Shank2(-/-) mutants exhibit fewer dendritic spines and show reduced basal synaptic transmission, a reduced frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents and enhanced N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated excitatory currents at the physiological level. Mutants are extremely hyperactive and display profound autistic-like behavioural alterations including repetitive grooming as well as abnormalities in vocal and social behaviours. By comparing the data on ProSAP1/Shank2(-/-) mutants with ProSAP2/Shank3αβ(-/-) mice, we show that different abnormalities in synaptic glutamate receptor expression can cause alterations in social interactions and communication. Accordingly, we propose that appropriate therapies for autism spectrum disorders are to be carefully matched to the underlying synaptopathic phenotype.     

Congenital heart disease in mice deficient for the DiGeorge syndrome region.

The heterozygous chromosome deletion within the band 22q11 (del22q11) is an important cause of congenital cardiovascular defects. It is the genetic basis of DiGeorge syndrome and causes the most common deletion syndrome in humans. Because the deleted region is largely conserved in the mouse, we were able to engineer a chromosome deletion (Df1) spanning a segment of the murine region homologous to the human deleted region. Here we describe heterozygously deleted (Df1/+) mice with cardiovascular abnormalities of the same type as those associated with del22q11; we have traced the embryological origin of these abnormalities to defective development of the fourth pharyngeal arch arteries. Genetic complementation of the deletion using a chromosome duplicated for the Df1 DNA segment corrects the heart defects, indicating that they are caused by reduced dosage of genes located within Df1. The Df1/+ mouse model reveals the pathogenic basis of the most clinically severe aspect of DiGeorge syndrome and uncovers a new mechanism leading to aortic arch abnormalities. These mutants represent a mouse model of a human deletion syndrome generated by chromosome engineering.     

The mouse insulin-like growth factor type-2 receptor is imprinted and closely linked to the Tme locus.

T-associated maternal effect (Tme) is the only known maternal-effect mutation in the mouse. The defect is nuclear-encoded and embryos that inherit a deletion of the Tme locus from their mother die at day 15 of gestation. There are many genomically imprinted regions known in the mouse genome but so far no imprinted genes have been cloned. The Tme locus is absent in two chromosome-17 deletion mutants, Thp and the tLub2, and its position has been localized using these deletions to a 1-cM region. We report here that the genes for insulin-like growth factor type-2 receptor (Igf2r) and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase-2 (Sod-2) are absent from both deletions. Probes for these genes and for plasminogen (Plg) and T-complex peptide 1 (Tcp-1) were used in pulsed-field gel mapping to show that Tme must lie within a region of 800-1,100 kb. We also demonstrate that embryos express Igf2r only from the maternal chromosome, and that Tcp-1, Plg and Sod-2 are expressed from both chromosomes. Therefore Igf2r is imprinted and closely linked or identical to Tme.     

Progress and prospects of studies on Polymyxa graminis and its transmitted cereal viruses in China

Asearlyasinthe1920s,amosaicorrosettediseasewasfirstreportedonwinterwheatinAmerica,andthenitwasfoundthatthepathogenwastransmittedviasoil. In1925,Mckinneysuccessfullytransmittedthepathogenfromtheinfectedplantstohealthyplantsbymechanical inoculationandprovedthatthepathogenwasavirus,namedsoil bornewheatmosaicvirus(SBWMV).In1969,RaoandBrakkefoundthatSBWMVwas transmittedbyPolymyxagraminisinsoil[1].Inlateryears,similardiseaseswerealsoreportedinJapan,I taly,France,Germany,BrazilandArgentina,w…