领悟熵的概念

本文着重从微观和宏观两个方面阐述熵变和熵增的实质,并运用对比的方法,借以深入理解状态函数熵的基本物理意义。     

宏观劳动价值论假设

马克思实现了劳动价值论的实质性突破和历史性飞跃，同时也敏锐地洞察出价值的微观问题和宏观问题的差异和矛盾，为宏观劳动价值论和微观劳动价值论各自独立提供了理论基础。但在马克思那里，劳动价值论还是宏观和微观没有自觉分野的劳动价值论．由此留下了一些思维空档和认识盲区。只有自觉地将劳动价值论区分为宏观和微观两部分，才能明确劳动价值论一系列基本结论的前提条件，才能廓清价值规律的适用范围和操作领域。宏观劳动价值论是运用总量分析方法研究整个社会创造宏观价值总量行为的理论，它的分析重点是宏观价值生产函数，它的理论体系是宏观价值生产函数的展开和深化。     

巧导玻耳兹曼方程

玻耳兹曼方程给熵函数以明确的统计意义,它指出,某个宏观状态的熵等于玻耳兹曼常量κ乘以相应微观状态数的对数。它把宏观物理量与微观性质有机地联系起来了。探究其导出过程,对于更深层次地理解玻耳兹曼方程具有十分重要的意义。     

交通网络演化规律

基于城市空间结构与交通系统的动态互馈原理和交通系统的内在运行机制,以微观机理融合宏观机制为指导思想构建交通网络演化模型与算法,研究交通网络演化规律.在短期内,纳入道路用户外部性构造目标函数,进而建立交通系统最优模型;在较长时期,利用交通系统和城市空间结构之间的动态互馈作用、区域间经济联系的概念以及无标度网络演化规则的设计理念设计交通网络演化规则,刻画演化机制.实例研究表明,随着网络的演化,出现了层次现象并越来越清晰,更为重要的是,交通网络总费用随之下降;利用介数中心性定义了一种新的交通网络熵,该网络熵也呈现减小趋势,揭示了随着交通网络渐进地向有序演化,交通系统性能得以不断优化.     

大学管理理念的演变——兼论西藏大学管理现状

大学管理理念的不断演变,既有宏观层面也有微观层面管理理念的变化。宏观层面的变化主要涉及到管理体制与管理机制的创新。微观层面的演变主要关注的是学校领导体制的改变,由功能管理到效能管理的演变,各部门的优化管理向整体优化管理的演变,管理主体观的演变,制度化中的标准化、规范化向权变思想的演变,由单一的行政管理向行政和科学管理相结合的演变。西藏大学要实现其发展目标,必须得转变其传统的管理理念,树立大学管理现代化的管理理念。     

固体断裂非平衡统计理论

固体断裂非平衡统计理论或叫非平衡统计断裂力学是用非平衡统计理论的概念和方法结合微裂纹(或微空洞)演化动力学从微观原子机理出发推导出固体材料的强度、断裂韧性和疲劳寿命等宏观力学量的断裂理论, 在这个理论中,微裂纹统计演化方程起着从微观向宏观过渡的核心作用,它的系数可由微裂纹成核长大的微观位错或点缺陷等机理求得,而其解则通过最弱链模型等与宏观力学量相联系,从而可统一推导出微裂纹分布函数、材料的断裂几率、可靠性、各种宏观力学量的统计分布函数、统计平均值和统计涨落,本理论可广泛用于金属、结构陶瓷和玻璃态高聚物的脆性、疲劳、延时和环境等断裂类型．主要阐述了上述思想和方法,并给出了部分新结果,展望了未来发展方向。     

熵与热力学第二定律

本文不仅从宏观上,而且从微观上,从统计物理学的角度,比较完整深入地分析熵的概念,阐明熵不仅适用于自然界的宏观现象,也适用于社会现象;指出熵的概念不仅对工程实践有重要的指导意义,而且是信息论、控制论等现代科学理论的基础。     

熵的物理本质

熵是一个象体积、内能那样真实的物理量。本文从宏观和微观两个方面阐明熵的物理本质。     

玻耳兹曼熵与系统演化

本文通过对玻耳兹曼熵和吉布斯熵的分析和比较，得出结论：在解释宏观系统演化行为和微观起源方面，系综理论仅仅是一种数学工具，玻耳兹曼熵取得了巨大的成功．并根据无规微观行为的稳定性，解释了宏观演化的时间箭头，有力地支持了玻耳兹曼所作的几率解释．     

熵的定义和物理意义

本文叙述了熵的宏观定义和微观定义及其等价性，并结合实例阐明了熵的物理意义。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…