SAPO-34和MeAPSO-34分子筛的合成及催化性能

采用水热合成法制备了具有CHA骨架结构的SAPO-34和MeAPSO-34(Me=Ni、Zn、Fe、Cu和Ni-Zn)分子筛。以甲醇裂解制取低碳烯烃(MTO)为模型反应,采用固定床反应装置,对所制备的分子筛进行了催化性能评价。结果表明,所制备的MeAPSO-34分子筛具有比SAPO-34分子筛更高的乙烯选择性和乙烯与丙烯总选择性,且Ni-Zn双金属改性比单金属改性更有利于乙烯与丙烯总选择性的提高,但金属离子的添加会导致丙烯选择性的降低。与SAPO-34相比,单金属Ni的加入可使乙烯的选择性增加7.7%(由SAPO-34的40.7%增加至NiAPSO-34的48.4%),乙烯与丙烯总选择性增加2.5%;而双金属Ni-Zn的加入可使乙烯的选择性增加6.5%,乙烯与丙烯总选择性增加3.2%。     

金属改性SAPO-34分子筛结构及其催化乙醇制乙烯性能

为了提高SAPO-34在乙醇制乙烯反应中表现出的催化性能,采用Cr/Ni/Co金属元素通过浸渍沉淀法对SAPO-34型分子筛进行修饰改性,采用BET、NH_3-TPD、XRD、TG和SEM对催化剂进行结构表征。结果表明,制备的Me_xO_y/SAPO-34(Me=Cr,Ni,Co,简称Me/SAPO-34)分子筛,其中渗入的金属原子以氧化物(Me_xO_y)的形态负载于SAPO-34分子筛表面,与SAPO-34相比,Me/SAPO-34具有相同的CHA拓扑骨架结构,掺杂金属氧化物能调控SAPO-34的孔道结构和酸度,表现出高的催化性能和抗积碳能力,相应的催化性能为Cr-Co/SAPO-34〉Cr-Ni/SAPO-34〉SAPO-34。反应温度400℃,重时空速(WHSV)3.5 h~(-1),Cr-Co/SAPO-34能使乙醇单程转化率达到98.3%,乙烯选择性98.1%,随着反应时间的增加,催化剂仍能保持高的催化性能。     

SAPO-34/堇青石整体式催化剂的制备及其催化甲醇制烯烃性能

采用气相转移法(Q)、原位合成法(Y)和涂覆法(Z),制备出了3个系列的不同SAPO-34含量的SAPO-34/堇青石整体式催化剂。采用XRD和N₂吸脱附等分析测试技术表征了催化剂的结构,在固定床反应器上评价了整体式催化剂的甲醇制烯烃反应性能。结果表明：3个系列的SAPO-34/堇青石整体式催化剂堇青石表面SAPO-34分子筛的基本骨架没有发生大的改变,气相转移法制备的催化剂具有相对较大的比表面积,原位合成法制备的催化剂具有相对稍大的孔径。在催化剂的SAPO-34含量相近的情况下,气相转移法制备的催化剂具有最好的催化性能;以(Q)19.7%SAPO-34/堇青石整体式催化剂为例,在反应温度380~420℃、空速520~810mL/(g·h)的条件下有利于低碳烯烃的生成。在400℃和670mL/(g·h)的反应条件下,低碳烯烃的选择性最高,乙烯和丙烯的选择性分别可达到40.91%和32.80%,乙烯和丙烯的总选择性能达到73.71%。     

酸掺杂原位合成多级孔SAPO-34及用于催化甲醇制烯烃反应

采用原位合成法,向分子筛合成母液中加入酸,成功制备出表面呈类沙漏形状的多级孔SAPO-34分子筛。通过X线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、物理吸附仪(BET)、X线荧光光谱(XRF)、化学吸附仪(NH_3-TPD)、同步热分析仪(TG)等仪器对分子筛进行表征,并将其应用于甲醇制烯烃(MTO)反应中。结果表明:采用酸掺杂原位合成制备得到的多级孔SAPO-34分子筛与SAPO-34分子筛的拓扑结构(CHA型)相同;多级孔SAPO-34分子筛结晶度有所下降,比表面积、孔容有所增加;在活化温度550℃、反应温度450℃、载气流量30 mL/min、甲醇重时空速(WHSV)为2.0 h~(-1)、常压条件下,制备得到的0.5OA-SAPO-34分子筛具有较优的催化性能,其催化寿命为570 min,与SAPO-34分子筛原粉相比,提高了210 min,低碳烯烃(乙烯、丙烯)选择性为88.78%,与SAPO-34分子筛原粉相比,低碳烯烃选择性基本保持一致。     

高选择性SAPO-34分子筛的合成及催化性能

以磷酸铝为铝源和磷源用水热合成法制备了具有CHA骨架结构的SAPO-34分子筛,采用XRD、BET、NH₃-TPD和SEM等手段对分子筛进行了表征。以甲醇裂解制取低碳烯烃(MTO)为模型反应,采用固定床反应装置,对制备的分子筛进行了催化性能评价。结果表明,合成的分子筛具有SAPO-34结构,酸性较强,在MTO反应中几乎只有乙烯生成,对乙烯的选择性达到90%以上,再生性能(热稳定性)较好,与按照传统方法合成的SAPO-34分子筛相比,催化性能更好。     

阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝回收利用SAPO-34分子筛母液

利用阳离子聚丙烯酰胺和稀盐酸组合絮凝的方法,将SAPO-34分子筛晶化母液中的磷铝物种经絮凝、干燥、粉碎后,添加一定量的硅铝等原料,在干胶转化体系下合成出具有片层堆积晶的多级结构SAPO-34分子筛。结果表明,制备的SAPO-34分子筛介孔孔容高达0.40cm3/g,其在甲醇制烯烃(MTO)反应中催化寿命达到200min,双烯(乙烯+丙烯)选择性达到87%.本研究提出的分子筛晶化母液处理工艺具有简单、经济、高效、绿色环保等特点。     

超声对SAPO-34分子筛合成的影响

为提高SAPO-34分子筛的催化性能,对SAPO-34分子筛晶化原液进行超声辐照处理,研究了超声辐照对SAPO-34分子筛合成的影响.采用XRD、SEM、FT-IR和DTG等表征手段对分子筛样品进行了表征.超声作用后晶体的晶化速率和结晶度有所提高,合成的SAPO-34分子筛样品更纯净,分子筛的晶粒大小分布更均匀,平均粒径明显降低.而且超声处理后分子筛的热稳定性更好.甲醇制烯烃催化反应结果表明,超声处理后合成的SAPO-34分子筛对烯烃的选择性有所提高.     

SAPO-34分子筛的合成及其对甲醇制低碳烯烃反应的催化性能

制备具有适宜酸性能和最佳物理性质的催化剂是甲醇制低碳烯烃(MTO)工艺的关键。采用水热晶化法,考察了不同模板剂、模板剂用量、pH、晶化时间和温度等因素对SAPO-34分子筛制备的影响,并采用XRD、SEM、BET和NH3-TPD等方法进行表征,从而考察分子筛结构、表面酸性等性质对分子筛催化剂在MTO反应中的催化性能的影响。结果表明:四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH)为合成SAPO-34的最佳模板剂,与二乙胺相比,TEAOH制得的SAPO-34比表面积大(400 m2/g),呈立方晶形,颗粒尺寸较小且分布均匀,具有比例适宜的强、弱酸中心;而以二乙胺为模板剂合成的SAPO-34具有较多的强酸中心,酸性较强。采用TEAOH为模板剂,当n(TEAOH)∶n(Al2O3)为2.02~1.35时,减少模板剂用量,合成产物仍为SAPO-34,相对结晶度减小;当n(TEAOH)∶n(Al2O3)为1.35~1.01时,减少模板剂用量会导致SAPO-5与SAPO-34共生。直接、快速的升温过程不利于晶粒的成长;先升温至90~150℃并维持这一温度,待过渡相态稳定后再继续升温至170~250℃晶化,有利于得到更高结晶度的SAPO-34晶体,此时SAPO-34分子筛在MTO反应中显示了最优的催化性能,甲醇转化率100%,对低碳烯烃的选择性为83.40%,活性时间为220 min。     

SAPO-34和纳米ZSM-5分子筛在甲醇转化制烯烃中的催化性能研究

合成了具有CHA结构的SAPO-34和具有MFI结构的纳米ZSM-5分子筛,采用XRD,BET,NH3-TPD,SEM等手段进行了表征,并考察了其在甲醇转化制烯烃(MTO)反应中的催化性能.结果表明:在MTO催化反应中,SAPO-34分子筛表现出很高乙烯和丙烯的选择性,而纳米ZSM-5对丙烯具有较高的选择性.同时,小晶粒纳米ZSM-5具有较长的催化荆寿命,因此具有潜在的工业化应用前景.     

稀土改性HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯

采用浸渍法制备La、Ce、Sm、Eu等稀土(RE)金属改性的HZSM-5分子筛催化剂(RE/HZSM5),考察它们在乙醇脱水制乙烯反应中的催化性能.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附(BET)和氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)等手段对其物化性能进行表征,并讨论反应温度对La/HZSM-5催化性能的影响.结果表明:少量稀土引入不破坏HZSM-5分子筛的骨架结构,只对表面酸性产生了较大的影响;表面酸量决定RE/HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯的性能,酸量的增大有利于乙醇转化率的提高;在不同稀土改性的催化剂中,2%La/HZSM-5的催化性能最佳,在反应温度240 ℃、55%原料乙醇、进料质量空速(WHSV)2.5 h-1的条件下,乙醇转化率和乙烯选择性分别达到99.3%和98.6%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.