Activation of protein kinase C potentiates isoprenaline-induced cyclic AMP accumulation in rat pinealocytes

The pineal gland has proven to be an excellent model for the study of adrenergic control systems. Noradrenaline, released from sympathetic nerve terminals in the pineal gland, regulates a large nocturnal increase in melatonin synthesis by stimulating the activity of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT, EC 2.3.1.87) 30-70-fold. An essential step in both the induction and maintenance of high NAT activity is an increase in intracellular cyclic AMP. Noradrenaline acts via beta-adrenoceptors to increase pineal cyclic AMP by activating adenylate cyclase, and the activation of pineal alpha 1-adrenoceptors potentiates beta-adrenergic stimulation not only of NAT but of both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. Here we describe investigations designed to test whether alpha 1-adrenergic potentiation of beta-adrenergic stimulation of pineal cyclic AMP involves protein kinase C. Our results suggest that kinase activation is involved and the data provide the first demonstration of a synergistic interaction between Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) and neurotransmitter-dependent stimulation of cyclic AMP.     

A circadian oscillator in cultured cells of chicken pineal gland

The activity of serotonin N-acetyltransferase, the key enzyme of melatonin synthesis, shows a marked circadian rhythm in the pineal glands of various animal species. The regulation mechanism of the N-acetyltransferse rhythm in birds is different from that in mammals. N-Acetyltransferase activity in rat pineal gland is controlled by the central nervous system through the sympathetic nerves from the superior cervical ganglion, while in chicken the endogenous oscillator for N-acetyltransferase rhythm is presumably located in the pineal gland. Recently it has been shown that N-acetyltransferase activity oscillates in a circadian manner in the organ culture of chicken pineal glands. When chicken pineal glands were organ-cultured under continuous illumination, the nocturnal increase of enzyme activity was suppressed. These observations suggested that chicken pineal gland contains a circadian oscillator, a photoreceptor and melatonin-synthesising machinery. A central question arises whether the circadian oscillation of N-acetyltransferase activity and its response to environmental lighting are generated within the cell or are emergent properties of interaction between different types of pineal cells. I report here that in the dispersed cell culture of chicken pineal gland, N-acetyltransferase activity exhibits a circadian rhythm and responds to environmental lighting in the same manner as in the organ culture.     

龙葵碱对HepG2细胞NAT1酶活性的影响

探讨龙葵碱对HepG2人肝癌细胞的N-乙酰基转移酶1(NAT1)酶活性的影响.采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC),以对氨基苯甲酸(PABA)为底物,以PABA被NAT1乙酰化为乙酰对氨基苯甲酸(Ac-PABA)的量反应NAT1酶的活性.观察不同质量浓度、不同时间龙葵碱对完整HepG2细胞NAT1酶活性的影响;龙葵碱对HepG2细胞细胞质中NAT1酶活性的影响.结果表明,在NAT1酶活性测定中,龙葵碱能显著降低HepG2完整细胞NAT1的活性;龙葵碱能够降低HepG2细胞质内NAT1的活性,且作用具有剂量依赖性;随着时间的增加NAT1转化产物的量逐渐增加,但龙葵碱能显著降低同一时段NAT1的活性.提示龙葵碱通过抑制HepG2细胞中NAT1的活性是龙葵碱抑制人肝癌细胞HepG2增殖的作用机制之一.     

电损毁树松果腺对生殖系统影响的研究

本文观察了在生殖季节末期利非生殖季节未期,损毁松果腺的26只树性腺和附性腺重量及组织学的变化.结果发现损毁树松果腺未见影响动物体重.在生殖季节末期损毁树松果腺,未见抑制性腺和附性腺重量减少,但见其在组织学水平上不衰退;在非生殖季节末期损毁树松果腺,未见性腺和附性腺提前增重,但见其在组织学水平上提前恢复.     

A cyclic GMP-activated channel in dissociated cells of the chick pineal gland.

Phototransduction in the vertebrate retina is dependent in part on a cyclic GMP-activated ionic channel in the plasma membrane of rods and cones. But other vertebrate cells are also photosensitive. Cells of the chick pineal gland have a photosensitive circadian rhythm in melatonin secretion that persists in dissociated cell culture. Exposure to light causes inhibition of melatonin secretion, and entrainment of the intrinsic circadian oscillator. Chick pinealocytes express several 'retinal' proteins, including arrestin, transducin and a protein similar to the visual pigment rhodopsin. Pinealocytes of lower vertebrates display hyperpolarizing responses to brief pulses of light. Thus it is possible that some of the mechanisms of phototransduction are similar in retinal and pineal photoreceptors. We report here the first recordings of cyclic GMP-activated channels in an extraretinal photoreceptor. Application of GMP, but not cyclic AMP, to excised inside-out patches caused activation of a 15-25 pS cationic channel. These channels may be essential for phototransduction in the chick pineal gland.     

大豆叶片光合与呼吸,硝酸还原酶活性及可溶性蛋白含量相互关系的探讨

对三个栽培品种大豆的叶片光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性和叶片可溶性蛋白含量的日变化进行了研究,结果表明：随时间进程光合速率逐渐上升,中午（１２：００）达最大值,随后又降低;硝酸还原酶也表现出类似的趋势,在中午（１２：００和１５：００）达到高峰,以后又下降;叶片可溶性蛋白含量亦呈现出类似的日变化,对叶片暗呼吸速率的夜变化研究结果表明,暗呼吸速率从１８：００￣６：００呈现随时间进程而增高的趋势,但在３：００     

双水平井超稠油SAGD循环预热启动优化研究

蒸汽辅助重力泄油是开发超稠油的一项前沿技术,其启动技术主要有蒸汽吞吐预热启动和循环预热启动。相对于蒸汽吞吐,注蒸汽循环预热启动吸汽加热均匀,启动平稳,但是配套循环预热管柱结构复杂,预热参数优化困难,循环预热机理仍需进一步研究。运用离散化井筒模型,对双水平井SAGD启动的三个阶段循环预热、压差对流、转入SAGD进行了优化设计,得到了合理的循环预热注汽速度、注汽干度、注汽环空压力、注汽压差产生时机和压差大小,为下步SAGD先导试验的顺利实施提供了可靠的依据。     

遮荫和土壤水分对毛红椿幼苗光合特性的影响

采用3种遮荫(全光照、60%遮荫、80%遮荫)和3种土壤水分(高、中和低)处理,研究了毛红椿幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Co)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和叶绿素含量及叶面积等特性。结果表明:毛红椿净光合速率日进程曲线呈“双峰”型,高峰值出现在10:00和16:00,全光照和中度遮荫(60%)情况下有较明显的光合“午休”现象,而强度遮荫(80%)光合“午休”现象不明显。全光照下胞间CO2浓度日进程基本与净光合速率相反,当土壤含水量高时光合作用能力最强。气孔导度日变化呈下降趋势,胞间CO2浓度变化平缓,表明上午10:00以后净光合速率降低主要受非气孔限制因素的影响。在遮荫条件下,毛红椿苗木通过增大叶面积、提高叶绿素含量有效地利用较弱的光辐射,形成适应遮荫条件的生态生存对策。     

两种冰草属植物光合生理特性研究

 采用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统,测定旱作条件下引种栽培的两种冰草属植物光合生理特性。结果表明,净光合速率Pn日变化均为双峰型,第1峰值均出现在10:00左右,第2峰值均出现在16:00。在午后14:00,由于气孔限制因素所致,出现了不同程度的光合“午休”现象,PAR是引起“午休”的间接因素。蒸腾速率Tr和气孔导度Gs日变化均为双峰曲线,峰值时间与净光合速率一致。胞间CO₂浓度Ci日变化近似V字形,14:00左右降至最低。两种植物叶片水压亏缺VPD变化趋势一致,而水分利用效率WUE日变化相反。上述各光合生理参数日均值大小表现为蒙古冰草高于沙生冰草。环境因子Ca和Ta对蒙古冰草的Pn日变化影响较大;Ca和RH对沙生冰草的Pn日变化影响较大,同时对两种植物的Tr日变化影响也较大;两种植物的Pn和Tr的主要生理影响因子是Gs和VPD。     

川渝盆地主汛期短时强降水事件日变化特征研究

利用四川盆地和重庆地区1980-2012年主汛期（5-9月）基本站小时降水观测资料,分析了短时强降水事件降水量、频次和强度的日变化特征,研究了短时强降水事件日峰值位相和空间分布特征,事件极值降水日变化和持续时间等分布特征,得出以下主要结论：1）川渝盆地短时强降水事件开始时间的日变化上（01：00-24：00时,北京时间,下同）,表现为“V”型结构下典型夜间峰值位相特征;结束时间的日变化上,表现为多个峰值型结构分布.强降水事件持续时间的日变化上,频次和降水量均呈双峰型结构,频次极大峰值出现在3 h,而强度上随着持续时间的延长,呈现逐渐增加的趋势;2）短时强降水事件极值开始时间空间分布上,极大频次和极大降水量出现在20：00-01：00时内,主要分布在盆地南部和西部大部分地区;日峰值频次结束时间主要发生在20：00-01：00时和08：00-13：00时两个时段内,主要分布于盆地南部、中部和西部大部分地区;3）短时强降水事件极值降水的日变化上,降水量和频次呈现单峰型结构,白天多为短时间（2~4 h）强降水事件出现极值,而傍晚开始至第二天清晨,持续2~10 h强降水事件出现极值均有发生;强降水事件极值降水持续时间日变化,1~24 h内呈单峰型结构,峰值出现在2 h.     

Ti51Pd30Ni19合金的相变及力学性能特征

制备了Ti51Pd30Ni19高温形状记忆合金。利用高温X射线衍射（XRD）分析及热分析（DSC）研究了合金的相变过程,并对其在不同加载条件下的力学性能进行了测试。结果表明,合金的马氏体相变开始温度可达212℃,合金在马氏体及奥氏体状态下具有不同的屈服强度及形变强化能力。在室温下,合金的形状记忆性能随拉伸变形量的增大而降低。获得了该合金的伪弹性：在奥氏体转变结束温度附近进行拉伸循环,三次加载-卸载循环后即可获得稳定的弹性滞后回线。     

持续黑暗状态下对大鼠松果体细胞分泌松果体素的昼夜节律研究

为研究体外培养的大鼠松果体细胞分泌的松果体素是否具有内在节律,收集体外培养的大鼠松果体细胞在白天6∶00,8∶00,10∶00,12∶00,15∶00,和夜晚18∶00,20∶00,22∶00,1∶00,4∶00各个时间点的培养上清,并用放射免疫方法(RIA)检测各个时间点松果体细胞培养上清中的松果体素水平.CCF(complex cosine function)统计分析结果表明,在持续黑暗的环境下,体外培养的大鼠松果体细胞分泌的松果体素在培养3,6,9天后仍然表现出内在节律.然而,这种内在节律在培养12天后消失.上述结果提示体外培养的大鼠松果体细胞可以作为一个有用的体外模型来分析节律系统的生理基础.     

Circadian rhythm and light regulate opsin mRNA in rod photoreceptors

Disk membranes in the outer segment of rod photoreceptors are continuously renewed, being assembled at the outer segment base, displaced outward by new disks and eventually shed at the tip. In lower vertebrates, disk assembly occurs with a diurnal rhythm with 2-4% of the outer segment length produced daily. We have discovered that in toad and fish retinas the level of mRNA for opsin, the most abundant protein in rod disks, fluctuates with a daily rhythm and is regulated both by light and by a circadian oscillator. The mRNA level rises before light onset, remains high during the light phase of a diurnal cycle and decreases four to tenfold during the dark phase. In constant darkness, mRNA elevation occurs during subjective daytime. At night, rod opsin mRNA can be elevated by exposure to light.     

太阳活动高年海南地区电离层Es临界频率特性研究

利用海南站数字测高仪在2002太阳活动高年观测到的偶发E层（Es）临界频率（foEs）数据,统计分析了Es层foEs的逐日分布、日中值日变化和日发生率分布特性,结果表明（1）绝大部分临界频率foEs值小于10MHz,foEs大于10MHz的情况仅在夏季出现较多;（2）foEs日中值从7点左右开始迅速升高,在10点左右达到极大值,并一直维持到14点左右,之后缓慢下降;（3）Es层发生率在夏季最高,其次是秋冬季,最低为春季。分析表明,风剪切理论能够较好地解释Es日中值日变化,但却不能充分解释Es发生率及foEs大于10MHz的分布特性,还需考虑太阳辐射水平等因素对foEs分布的影响。这些结果对于低纬电离层Es不规则体的变化规律研究具有重要的科学意义。     

木荷夏季气体交换、光能和水分利用效率的日变化

木荷叶片净光合速率日进程曲线为“双峰”型，光合效率午间明显降低，主要由非气孔限制引起．蒸腾速率的日变化为“单峰型”，午间最高．光能利用效率和水分利用效率早晚较高，午间较低．利用多元逐步回归方法分别得到了净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔阻力、光能利用效率和水分利用效率与环境因子的最优方程．     

Antioxidant responses and salt stress tolerance of Aloe vera irrigated by seawater with different salinity

The variations of antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase （SOD： EC 1.15.1.1）, peroxidase （POD： EC 1.11.1.7） and catalase （CAT： EC 1.11.1.6）, lipid peroxidation and major electrolytes in Aloe vera irrigated for three years with seawater having different salinity were studied. The results indicate that POD activity increased significantly at 10% seawater level, whereas decreased at higher seawater levels. The SOD activity decreased with increasing seawater concentration except for treatment with 100% seawater （denoted as T100%） under long-term salt stress. Salinity decreased CAT activity,and increased lipid peroxidation and cell membrane injury. In addition, Ca^2＋ content was high in Aloe irrigated by seawater of low salinity level, but low in Aloe irrigated by seawater of high salinity level. An opposite trend was observed for the effect of seawater on Na^＋ content of plants. K^＋ and Mg^2＋ contents remain relatively stable under various seawater levels, which benefit plant growth.     

豇豆光合特性研究

以鄂豇豆二号品种为材料,研究了豇豆的光合特性.试验表明,豇豆净光合速率(Pn,CO2)生育期变化呈单峰曲线,以开花初荚期最高;日变化为双峰曲线,大峰在11时,小峰在16时,峰值分别为19.96 mol m 2 S 1和16.35 mol m 2 S 1;叶位变化在盛荚期呈自下而上递增之态势.光强在上、中位叶达40 klux以上,下位叶仅12.6 klux.叶绿素含量以中位叶最高.     

日光温度不同光温环境对西葫芦光合效率日变化的影响

研究了日光温室西葫芦植株冬季（秋冬茬）,春季（冬春茬）经弱光温度历程后的光合效率日变化,并通过通径分析探讨了两季节主要外界环境因子对植株光合效率的影响大小。结果表明：冬季西葫芦叶片净光合速率日变化在3种较弱光温水平下,一天中均表现为单峰曲线,峰值出现在一天中光照最强的14：30左右,春季西葫芦在3种较强光温水下平呈双峰曲线。两季节总的趋势表现为,相同时间,相同遮光处理水下平春季净光合速率始终要高于冬季,通径分析表明,冬季3种较弱光温水平下Pn对温度的敏感程度高于光强强度的,而在春季较强光温水平下,光照强度对Pn的直接及间接作用均最大。     

原位和子宫腺肌病异位内膜Bcl-2的表达

目的：研究原位子宫内膜和子宫腺肌病异位内膜Ｂｃｌ－２在月经周期中的表达情况,并探讨子宫腺肌病和子宫内膜异位症Ｂｃｌ－２不同表达的原因。方法：应用免疫组织化学ＬＳＡＢ方法研究２０例原位子宫内膜和子宫腺肌病异位内膜的Ｂｃ１－２表达。结果：原位子宫内膜腺体的Ｂｃｌ－２表达在月经周期中存在周期性变化：从增生早期至分泌早期,腺上皮细胞均呈Ｂｃｌ－２阳性反应,增生中晚期Ｂｃｌ－２表达最强,至分泌中晚期则表达基     

Observed and simulated features of the CO2 diurnal cycle in the boundary layer at Beijing and Hefei,China

The mechanism of the CO2diurnal cycle is a basis for investigating the carbon budget and its impacts on climate and environment change.Regional diurnal variations in CO2concentration based on observations and modeling have been studied widely.However,few studies have focused on the pattern of the CO2diurnal cycle in China.In this study,a three-dimensional global chemical transport model,Goddard Earth Observing System(GEOS)-Chem,was applied to simulate the CO2concentration and its variation over China from 2004 to 2012.Meanwhile,we also analyzed the CO2concentration as observed by two eddy covariance flux observation towers,one located in Beijing(39°580N,116°220E)and one in Hefei(31°550N,117°100E),using LI-COR 7500A infrared gas analyzers.Observations showed the amplitude of the CO2diurnal cycle at Hefei to be larger than at Beijing,due to stronger ecological activities.GEOS-Chem successfully captured the main aspects of the diurnal cycle of the CO2concentration in the boundary layer observed at both Beijing and Hefei.However,some discrepancies between the model and observations did exist;specifically,the model tended to underestimate the amplitude of the CO2diurnal cycle.The data also showed that traffic emissions significantly enhanced the CO2concentration in the boundary layer.