基于变结构模型参考自适应观测器的永磁同步电机无速度传感器矢量控制

为改善传统模型参考自适应系统(model reference adaptive system,MRAS)速度观测器对电机参数和负载变化敏感的缺点,针对永磁同步电机,基于变结构技术,提出一种变结构MRAS速度观测器。该方法利用滑模变结构代替MRAS中的自适应律,利用连续的双曲正切函数Sigmoid代替符号切换函数,可以降低滑模模态的抖动。理论分析和仿真结果表明,基于变结构MRAS观测器的PMSM无速度传感器矢量控制系统具有较好的动静态性能,且具有较强的鲁棒性。     

基于MRAS的IPMSM速度自适应全阶状态观测器的设计

为提高内嵌式永磁同步电动机(IPMSM)在无速度传感器情况下的动态调速性能,选取转子坐标系下的定子电流、定子磁链作为状态变量,定子电压和电流分别作为输入和输出量设计出线性缓变的全阶状态观测器,并从观测器稳定性分析出发构造速度自适应律,通过自适应律输出更新全阶状态观测器的缓变值——转速,完成基于参考模型自适应(MRAS)的全阶线性缓变速度自适应状态观测器设计方案。利用该方案输出的磁链和转速值结合IPMSM直接转矩控制(DTC)系统进行仿真实验,结果表明:所设计的基于MRAS的IPMSM速度自适应状态观测器转速和转子位置跟随性能良好,具有良好的动稳态特性。     

基于定子磁链的双馈风力发电机滑模MRAS转速估计

针对双馈风力发电机工作环境恶劣,使用机械传感器进行速度和位置信号检测导致的故障率高、检修不便等问题,提出了一种基于双馈电机定子磁链的滑模MRAS转速估计器.方法是利用双馈电机定子磁链电压模型作为参考模型,利用双馈电机定子磁链电流模型作为自适应模型,利用两模型输出的叉积构造滑模面,并利用小信号模型分析了滑模存在和到达条件.同时,通过引入连续的饱和函数,解决了传统滑模观测器的高频抖动问题.最后,基于Matlab/SimuLink对提出的控制方法性能进行了验证.     

基于滑模变结构控制的有源电力滤波系统研究

针对三相三线制并联有源电力滤波系统中存在时延、负载突变等不确定因素,建立改进的有源电力滤波器离散数学模型,提出直流侧电压控制方案。设计滑模变结构控制器,采用自适应速度函数,提高系统收敛到滑模面上的速度。提出高精度滑模观测器,提高系统的控制精度并减小系统的抖振幅度。分析了控制系统的稳定性,证明了所设计的趋近函数和滑模观测器的收敛性。仿真结果表明,所提出的控制方法有较好的效果,可以提高系统的控制精度。     

基于滑模变结构的导弹伺服机构故障诊断

针对导弹伺服机构的不确定非线性特点,提出了一种基于滑模变结构的传感器故障诊断方案。首先给出一种基于滑模变结构的控制器设计方法,然后利用滑模变结构中的等值控制方法设计了状态观测器,再利用自适应方法实现了对故障的重构。最后将提出的方法在导弹伺服系统中应用,表明了该方法的有效。     

基于扰动补偿的连续搅拌釜式反应器自适应积分滑模控制

针对化工工程中连续搅拌釜式反应器难以稳定控制的问题,提出一种基于自适应积分滑模控制的方法;根据连续搅拌釜式反应器系统结构建立的被控系统模型分别设计有限时间状态观测器和扰动观测器,通过观测器的估计结果对未知扰动信号进行补偿;基于系统的跟踪误差,引入积分滑模面,设计自适应变比例增益趋近律来消除系统抖振;利用Lyapunov函数证明控制系统的稳定性。仿真结果表明,该控制方法具有良好的抗干扰性能,能够实现对连续搅拌釜式反应器系统的稳定控制。     

永磁同步电机抗惯量扰动自适应速度控制

为提高永磁同步电机（PMSM）速度伺服系统的控制性能,增强系统的抗惯量扰动能力,提出一种自适应滑模变结构速度控制方法。在PMSM双闭环调速系统中采用了滑模控制（SMC）的速度控制方法,并在SMC中引入积分滑模面以避免控制量中对加速度信号的要求,减小系统的稳态误差;此外,采用连续函数sigmoid s代替传统趋近律中的符号函数sgn s,进一步提高系统的动态品质。针对负载变化导致PMSM控制系统转动惯量不同的问题,依据离散模型参考自适应系统（MRAS）理论对转动惯量进行实时估计,并将惯量辨识值更新到SMC控制中,实现自适应SMC速度控制。实验结果表明,所提出的自适应SMC控制方法的速度响应较快,相比常规SMC控制,速度响应时间从85ms减少到54ms,并且对惯量扰动具有较强的鲁棒性。该方法目前适用于一些特定的时变惯量的伺服控制场合,如印刷机械,纺织机械,电缆设备等。     

基于dSPACE的新型双滑模PMSM控制方法

设计一种基于滑模理论的永磁同步电机控制系统,利用滑模控制器代替传统的PID控制器,用滑模观测器代替传统的位置传感器。滑模控制器中针对传统滑模控制的抖振问题,引入准滑模和趋近律的概念,设计一种新的滑模控制器。滑模观测器使用连续饱和函数代替传统的开关函数,有效地减少高频噪声信号,经李亚普诺夫稳定方程证明系统的稳定性。本设计方法充分发挥滑模控制的优势。通过d SPACE实验平台的验证和Control Desk环境的实时观测,证明所设计的新的滑模控制器在消除抖振和抗干扰方面明显优于传统的滑模控制器和PID控制器,滑模观测器能准确地观测位置信号,而且针对具有噪声干扰的场合,加入卡尔曼滤波器,有效地减少了干扰信号。     

基于新型滑模观测器的永磁同步电机无位置传感器控制

提出一种新型滑模观测器对永磁同步电机(permanent magnetic synchronous motor,PMSM)转子的位置和速度进行精确的参数估算,该观测器采用变边界层S函数替代传统的正负号函数,S函数的边界层宽度根据永磁同步电机的转速进行调整,有效的克服了正负号函数作为开关函数所带来对电机参数的依赖和抖振的影响。结合永磁同步电机在旋转坐标系的数学模型,推导出观测器的收敛条件,并利用李亚普诺夫理论证明了算法的收敛性。仿真结果表明,该滑模观测器可准确观测转子位置和速度,并且具有良好的动态响应特性和鲁棒性。     

感应电机无传感器滑模变结构控制

文章在分析感应电机数学模型的基础上,设计了一种感应电机无传感器滑模变结构控制系统,搭建了基于Matlab/Simulink的、感应电机无传感器滑模变结构控制系统的仿真平台;系统采用转速、电流双闭环控制,其中,转速控制器采用滑模算法,速度辨识器采用MRAS控制算法;仿真结果证明,该方法具有较强的鲁棒性,为实际电机控制系统的设计和调试提供了依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…